eInfo HQ: National Geographic - Strangest Things In The Universe

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but there is no way out figuring out how

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it will end is the challenge of

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astrophysicists around the world

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they're pointing high-tech equipment out

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toward the heavens to unlock the secret

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of our fate

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the possibilities are frightening

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in one scenario gravity pulls the

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universe back into itself similar to air

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being let out of an inflated balloon the

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universe goes back to its original size

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this is the Big Crunch be the end of the

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universe and a big fireball it's all the

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matter collapses onto itself would be

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pretty dramatic

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then there's the Big Chill the universe

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expands until the nuclear furnaces that

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power all the stars burn out the

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universe grows cold and dies a second

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possibility is actually kind of sad the

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universe will continue to expand forever

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and it will just grow into an

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increasingly cold and lonely place as

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the expansion removes our nearest

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neighbors from us and we just end up a

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single isolated community of stars and

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galaxies then again there could be a

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much more spectacular end in which

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everything is ripped to shreds down to

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the last atom think of it like a balloon

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that is filled with too much air it pops

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it's much more dramatic than the Big

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Chill and just as hateful as the Big

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Crunch the universe continues to expand

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at an ever clicking pace and in fact the

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pace is so great that even the

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space-time fabric cannot hold the

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universe together

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however the end comes it will be a

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dramatic conclusion to understand how it

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all could end scientists turned to how

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it began the mystery starts to be solved

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here at the Mount Wilson Observatory

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overlooking Pasadena California

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in 1929 while looking through what was

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then the world's largest telescope Edwin

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Hubble makes a strange discovery the

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universe is expanding Hubble's discovery

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led to a whole new picture of the

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universe that it was a dynamic

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environment and that it evolved it

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changed in time and that's different

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from pictures that people had of

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cosmology previous to not before Hubble

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scientists said that the universe was

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static and unchanging Hubble's discovery

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that the universe is expanding meant it

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had a starting point a beginning

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that brought the idea forward that hey

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what if we ran the film backwards in

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time and found the point at which that

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began the Big Bang that fraction of a

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second when the universe and everything

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in it exploded into existence from a

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point smaller than an atom

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one common misconception about the big

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banger so we can identify a point in

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space where the Big Bang occurred but in

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fact it's more appropriate to think of

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the big bang as a simultaneous creation

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everywhere of space which is then

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continuing to expand for the present day

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scientists theorized that at the moment

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of the Big Bang the first small

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particles of matter called quarks were

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produced they collided to form the

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building blocks of the universe

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these floated in a thick fog of hot

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plasma for about 400,000 years gravity

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also created at the Big Bang through the

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particles together eventually creating

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the first stars and lighting up the

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cosmos the theory of the Big Bang is a

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very solid theory what happened at the

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moment of the Big Bang is still

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something we're working on we don't

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really understand

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if the universe has been expanding since

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the Big Bang scientists must consider

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that it will stop expanding at some

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point the question is how

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the most obvious answer involves gravity

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what goes up must come down

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stars and galaxies and everything else

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might reverse direction the universe

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would collapse in what some scientists

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call a Big Crunch

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take the top and then see the other

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handle a model rocket offers clues to

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how the Big Crunch would work the rocket

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is like the universe expanding into

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space out of the Big Bang an initial

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bang allows the rocket to overcome the

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pull of gravity eventually when the fuel

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is exhausted the rocket coasts a few

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feet higher stops and is pulled back to

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earth

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this is what would happen with a big

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crunch the entire universe is

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essentially pulled back to its launch

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pad the universe itself has its own

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momentum its own energy it's moving

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outward but eventually there's a point

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where possibly the universe will stop

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that moving outward just like the rocket

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that we saw and have to fall back in

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upon itself and collapse again under the

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force of its own gravity in this

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scenario the universe could return to

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its original state just before the Big

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Bang setting the stage for a perpetual

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seesaw of creation and destruction the

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Big Crunch Theory moved to a scientific

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backburner cosmologists figured out that

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there must be some form of energy that

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keeps the universe from collapsing

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the existence of such a force leads to

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new theories about what the universe is

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made of and how it might end and

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evidence about how this might play out

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is found in some of the most powerful

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and mysterious phenomena in the cosmos

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black holes

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predicting how the universe will end

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involve some of the most advanced

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technology known to man on a remote

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volcano on the island of Hawaii

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astronomers are monitoring a battle in

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space that is shaping the fate of the

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universe at an elevation of nearly

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14,000 feet the Keck telescopes bring

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astronomers from all over the world

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nearer to space for a clearer view of

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the cosmos they come here because the

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telescope's work best far away from city

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lights and as high as possible above

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Earth's polluted air harsh conditions

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make it difficult to work here but for

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scientists in pursuit of the great

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mysteries above it's paradise so this is

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a remarkable location but of course the

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air is very thin is extremely hard to

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work here but these tasks opes are

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amazingly powerful but we're ambitious

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astronomers we don't just start looking

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at easy objects we try hard to look at

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the very faintest objects so we can

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understand the extremities of the

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universe here astronomers like Richard

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Ellis are working on a problem that has

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been all-consuming for cosmologists

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since Edwin Hubble they know the

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universe is expanding what they don't

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know is how fast it will be difficult to

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predict exactly how the universe will

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end until they solve this mystery the

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answers lie in the past now what we were

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looking what I did the focus on was the

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V equals 12

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okay we out get a better focus now it

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was worth doing an astronomy like myself

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uses a ground-based telescope as a time

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machine they're looking back in times to

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study distant galaxies seen as they were

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along long time ago one of the distant

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galaxies that astronomers found revealed

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a powerful source of x-rays from

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something that they could not see it was

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in the constellation Cygnus and emitted

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no light but something was there

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whatever was emitting these x-rays had a

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mass about seven times that of Earth's

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Sun

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there wasn't a name for it so they

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called it a black hole

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black holes offer scientists an analogy

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to how the Big Crunch theory works

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when certain stars run out of fuel that

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collapse in on themselves into a smaller

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and far denser mass that attracts more

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and more matter just like the Big Crunch

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the gravitational pull is so powerful

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that anything that falls near a black

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hole will be forever trapped not even

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light can escape

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it's a mind-boggling concept that

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something invisible is detectable and

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offers a view to our ultimate fate

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this black tarp represents space and

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space is relatively flat but when you

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put a massive object into space it

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curves it this is a penny and notice how

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it comes into a really beautiful

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circular orbit basically the black hole

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tracked it into an orbit around itself

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and that orbit becomes very circular as

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it gets closer and now the penny will

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eventually disappear go inside a black

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hole Earth's Sun warps space similarly

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to a black hole only it's a cosmic wimp

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by comparison the gravitational pull of

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our Sun is much weaker earth and all its

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nearby planets are trapped by the sun's

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pull but it's so mild that it just stays

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in orbit without being sucked into the

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Sun

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the mass of a black hole can be a

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million times the mass of the Sun or

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more causing a huge warp in a space

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around it that consumes everything that

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comes near that black hole wraps face

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around itself and so if material falls

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near it it falls inside and gets trapped

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forever

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black holes exist in isolated areas

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throughout the cosmos a black hole's

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gravitational pull is a scaled-down

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version of the force that could cause

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the universe to collapse that force is

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dark matter and dark matter is what

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scientists often call cosmic glue

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Matthew let's do some cosmology Dark

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Matter attracts other objects where its

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gravitational attraction is a positive

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force there's another force that opposes

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gravity and that is dark energy the dark

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energy we don't really understand what

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it is but it's a negative repulsing

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effect that pushes galaxies away from

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each other

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the Whirlpool in Richard Ellis's

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demonstration represents the

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gravitational force of dark matter the

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green dye coming out of the syringe

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shows how this stuff of the universe

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collapses under the force of dark matter

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the presence of dark matter acts as the

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focus for the gas in the universe

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bringing structure together this is how

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the milky way developed as the universe

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expanded little things merging into big

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things the positive constructive force

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of gravity now if this was the only

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force in the universe the universe would

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stop expanding at some point in the

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future and eventually the universe would

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start collapsing gravity would

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eventually halt the expansion bring it

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back together in a Big Crunch yet the

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universe continues to expand and isn't

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showing any signs of collapsing this

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suggests the opposing force of dark

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energy could be stronger than dark

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matter but it will take scientific

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detective work to find out they look to

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one of the most violent forces in the

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universe for clues we're studying

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exploding stars to try to understand if

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they can tell us the rate at which the

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universe is expanding these are

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explosions at the end of lives of stars

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not unlike our Sun fuel that these stars

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have in their centers is spent the star

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collapses the outer part expands and the

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star becomes something called a white

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dwarf

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white dwarf stars sometimes have other

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stars orbiting nearby a companion star a

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massive explosion could happen if the

280
00:12:54,860 --> 00:12:57,320
companion stars debris falls on to the

281
00:12:57,320 --> 00:12:59,570
white dwarf causing a spectacular

282
00:12:59,570 --> 00:13:03,220
fireworks display in the cosmos

283
00:13:03,399 --> 00:13:06,170
scientists consider exploding stars or

284
00:13:06,170 --> 00:13:08,810
supernovae like in these images captured

285
00:13:08,810 --> 00:13:11,089
by the Hubble telescope to be reliable

286
00:13:11,089 --> 00:13:12,500
tell tales of how fast the universe

287
00:13:12,500 --> 00:13:15,950
expands their brief and bright

288
00:13:15,950 --> 00:13:18,350
explosions allow scientists to track the

289
00:13:18,350 --> 00:13:20,480
universe's expansion and give them a way

290
00:13:20,480 --> 00:13:23,750
to measure its speed essentially they

291
00:13:23,750 --> 00:13:25,190
are white dwarfs stars that become

292
00:13:25,190 --> 00:13:27,589
nuclear bombs they explode with a

293
00:13:27,589 --> 00:13:29,660
certain brightness and a certain length

294
00:13:29,660 --> 00:13:31,040
of time it takes a certain amount of

295
00:13:31,040 --> 00:13:32,510
time for that brightness to dissipate

296
00:13:32,510 --> 00:13:34,459
they are essentially standard candles

297
00:13:34,459 --> 00:13:37,010
any one of these will look the same no

298
00:13:37,010 --> 00:13:40,180
matter where it is in the universe

299
00:13:40,570 --> 00:13:43,130
astronomers measure the distance and

300
00:13:43,130 --> 00:13:45,320
speed of these exploding stars by

301
00:13:45,320 --> 00:13:47,029
measuring the amount of red light they

302
00:13:47,029 --> 00:13:50,480
emit the faster the star moves away from

303
00:13:50,480 --> 00:13:53,720
us the redder its light appears the

304
00:13:53,720 --> 00:13:55,730
expansion rate of galaxies containing

305
00:13:55,730 --> 00:13:58,160
stars like supernovae can then be used

306
00:13:58,160 --> 00:13:59,839
to interpret how the rest of the

307
00:13:59,839 --> 00:14:03,110
universe is moving outward we know this

308
00:14:03,110 --> 00:14:05,420
because we can compare the velocities of

309
00:14:05,420 --> 00:14:09,040
galaxies with their distances

310
00:14:09,040 --> 00:14:11,079
these are the clues that lead

311
00:14:11,079 --> 00:14:13,149
astronomers to answer just how soon the

312
00:14:13,149 --> 00:14:15,250
universe will reverse direction and come

313
00:14:15,250 --> 00:14:18,459
back together in a Big Crunch or this

314
00:14:18,459 --> 00:14:20,110
information might lead to an entirely

315
00:14:20,110 --> 00:14:24,100
different conclusion dr. Ellis is

316
00:14:24,100 --> 00:14:25,360
looking at clues at the Keck Observatory

317
00:14:25,360 --> 00:14:31,360
in Hawaii while the telescope is on the

318
00:14:31,360 --> 00:14:33,970
top of a huge volcano he's in a viewing

319
00:14:33,970 --> 00:14:38,680
room on another part of the island in

320
00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:41,199
the red in the red side at the same time

321
00:14:41,199 --> 00:14:43,810
Johan Ruhe char is at the California

322
00:14:43,810 --> 00:14:45,220
Institute of Technology in Pasadena

323
00:14:45,220 --> 00:14:48,100
California evaluating the light from a

324
00:14:48,100 --> 00:14:49,930
distant galaxy that the Keck telescope

325
00:14:49,930 --> 00:14:54,310
captured in Hawaii he's looking to see

326
00:14:54,310 --> 00:14:56,139
if any of the known elements coming from

327
00:14:56,139 --> 00:14:58,449
the galaxies are in the red spectrum and

328
00:14:58,449 --> 00:15:01,290
moving farther away

329
00:15:02,430 --> 00:15:06,010
we can interpret that as a velocity as

330
00:15:06,010 --> 00:15:08,710
how much the galaxies moving away from

331
00:15:08,710 --> 00:15:11,410
us we can really interpret how the

332
00:15:11,410 --> 00:15:16,830
entire universe is behaving if expanding

333
00:15:16,830 --> 00:15:19,750
interpreting redshift is the cornerstone

334
00:15:19,750 --> 00:15:21,550
of the quest to pin down the fate of the

335
00:15:21,550 --> 00:15:23,970
universe

336
00:15:25,449 --> 00:15:27,429
clearer pictures of the universe that

337
00:15:27,429 --> 00:15:29,199
have only been possible in recent years

338
00:15:29,199 --> 00:15:31,660
have led cosmologists to conclude that

339
00:15:31,660 --> 00:15:33,790
the redshift of distant galaxies is

340
00:15:33,790 --> 00:15:37,259
greater than predicted

341
00:15:37,559 --> 00:15:40,839
this is startling not only is the

342
00:15:40,839 --> 00:15:43,709
universe expanding it's speeding up

343
00:15:43,709 --> 00:15:46,209
nothing in the observable cosmos could

344
00:15:46,209 --> 00:15:48,399
account for an accelerating universe and

345
00:15:48,399 --> 00:15:52,419
yet the data seemed irrefutable this has

346
00:15:52,419 --> 00:15:54,189
to mean that an invisible force is

347
00:15:54,189 --> 00:15:56,829
working against gravity cosmologists

348
00:15:56,829 --> 00:16:01,089
have come up with a name dark energy so

349
00:16:01,089 --> 00:16:02,619
when the universe was young gravity was

350
00:16:02,619 --> 00:16:04,509
the most dominant force so what we see

351
00:16:04,509 --> 00:16:07,179
here is galaxies as particles on the

352
00:16:07,179 --> 00:16:08,859
surface of the water now bound together

353
00:16:08,859 --> 00:16:10,959
by gravity and the point about seven

354
00:16:10,959 --> 00:16:12,459
billion years ago dark energy and

355
00:16:12,459 --> 00:16:15,279
gravity are pretty well in balance but

356
00:16:15,279 --> 00:16:16,779
the universe continues to expand the

357
00:16:16,779 --> 00:16:19,029
density goes down and so dark energy

358
00:16:19,029 --> 00:16:21,100
starts to take over and lo and behold

359
00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:23,769
the universe starts to accelerate as the

360
00:16:23,769 --> 00:16:26,259
dark energy is now the dominant property

361
00:16:26,259 --> 00:16:28,600
of space so the universe started out

362
00:16:28,600 --> 00:16:30,160
with a certain amount of energy and we

363
00:16:30,160 --> 00:16:31,720
know we're trying to understand how much

364
00:16:31,720 --> 00:16:33,699
energy there is and we know the universe

365
00:16:33,699 --> 00:16:35,949
is expanding as it as it moves outward

366
00:16:35,949 --> 00:16:37,929
with time we also know now that the

367
00:16:37,929 --> 00:16:40,029
universe's expansion is accelerating and

368
00:16:40,029 --> 00:16:42,069
we don't know is that acceleration going

369
00:16:42,069 --> 00:16:44,379
to slow down or not we're still trying

370
00:16:44,379 --> 00:16:46,749
to understand that so in understanding

371
00:16:46,749 --> 00:16:48,789
what's going to happen to the fate of

372
00:16:48,789 --> 00:16:50,919
the universe we have to know how much

373
00:16:50,919 --> 00:16:55,289
energy is there how much matter is there

374
00:16:55,940 --> 00:16:58,320
the history of the universe is really a

375
00:16:58,320 --> 00:17:00,209
battle between dark matter and dark

376
00:17:00,209 --> 00:17:02,310
energy these two forces are in

377
00:17:02,310 --> 00:17:04,589
opposition and so both the history of

378
00:17:04,589 --> 00:17:06,240
the universe and its ultimate fate is

379
00:17:06,240 --> 00:17:08,309
really the competition between these two

380
00:17:08,309 --> 00:17:10,679
forces the Big Crunch theory was a

381
00:17:10,679 --> 00:17:12,540
result of scientists interpreting that

382
00:17:12,540 --> 00:17:15,089
dark matter is the dominant force but

383
00:17:15,089 --> 00:17:17,730
astronomers now suspect that dark energy

384
00:17:17,730 --> 00:17:20,939
might be much stronger if so the end

385
00:17:20,939 --> 00:17:24,119
could be dramatic and finally the poles

386
00:17:24,119 --> 00:17:25,619
apart solar systems that pulled us apart

387
00:17:25,619 --> 00:17:27,900
stars and eventually it grows so strong

388
00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:30,540
that it pulls apart matter itself breaks

389
00:17:30,540 --> 00:17:33,210
bonds pulls apart atoms and reduces

390
00:17:33,210 --> 00:17:34,740
everything to fundamental particles and

391
00:17:34,740 --> 00:17:37,460
that's the end of the universe

392
00:17:38,059 --> 00:17:41,280
the battle between dark matter the force

393
00:17:41,280 --> 00:17:42,990
that holds the universe together and

394
00:17:42,990 --> 00:17:45,720
dark energy the force seeking to tear it

395
00:17:45,720 --> 00:17:48,240
apart has set the universe on a path of

396
00:17:48,240 --> 00:17:50,190
destruction

397
00:17:50,190 --> 00:17:52,650
if dark matter is the victor the

398
00:17:52,650 --> 00:17:54,870
universe might collapse if dark energy

399
00:17:54,870 --> 00:17:58,140
rules the cosmos it could rip to shreds

400
00:17:58,140 --> 00:18:01,140
the expansion grows so strong that tears

401
00:18:01,140 --> 00:18:04,020
up the entire universe it'll be a

402
00:18:04,020 --> 00:18:07,080
strange twist of fate dark energy the

403
00:18:07,080 --> 00:18:08,880
force that propelled mattered to form a

404
00:18:08,880 --> 00:18:11,460
magnificent universe continues to push

405
00:18:11,460 --> 00:18:15,740
it outward and drives it to its demise

406
00:18:17,360 --> 00:18:20,280
to find out if dark energy is in fact

407
00:18:20,280 --> 00:18:22,560
winning the battle scientists will first

408
00:18:22,560 --> 00:18:24,510
need to know how fast the universe is

409
00:18:24,510 --> 00:18:27,560
actually expanding

410
00:18:28,820 --> 00:18:30,320
the most remarkable feature of the

411
00:18:30,320 --> 00:18:33,350
universe is that it's expanding every

412
00:18:33,350 --> 00:18:35,240
galaxy is moving away from every other

413
00:18:35,240 --> 00:18:37,010
galaxy when you look out into the night

414
00:18:37,010 --> 00:18:39,680
sky you see distant stars galaxies

415
00:18:39,680 --> 00:18:41,540
clusters of galaxies they observe with

416
00:18:41,540 --> 00:18:43,040
telescopes and they're all moving away

417
00:18:43,040 --> 00:18:45,680
from us we can illustrate that with this

418
00:18:45,680 --> 00:18:50,240
balloon so we expand it we see that

419
00:18:50,240 --> 00:18:53,090
every dot drawn on this black balloon

420
00:18:53,090 --> 00:18:55,040
like the night sky is moving away from

421
00:18:55,040 --> 00:18:57,580
every other dot

422
00:19:05,700 --> 00:19:07,630
but there's something else that we know

423
00:19:07,630 --> 00:19:08,920
about the universe something else that

424
00:19:08,920 --> 00:19:10,690
we know about the expansion that is that

425
00:19:10,690 --> 00:19:12,490
the expansion is getting faster the

426
00:19:12,490 --> 00:19:14,710
universe is accelerating the size of the

427
00:19:14,710 --> 00:19:16,990
universe is getting bigger at a faster

428
00:19:16,990 --> 00:19:19,390
and faster rate we don't know exactly

429
00:19:19,390 --> 00:19:21,880
how fast it's accelerating but if it's

430
00:19:21,880 --> 00:19:23,980
accelerating fast enough then something

431
00:19:23,980 --> 00:19:25,330
really dramatic could happen the

432
00:19:25,330 --> 00:19:26,740
universe could end up tearing itself

433
00:19:26,740 --> 00:19:29,730
apart in a big rip

434
00:19:32,890 --> 00:19:35,090
this is perfect this is great that you

435
00:19:35,090 --> 00:19:37,250
rigged this up so this is this is a

436
00:19:37,250 --> 00:19:38,930
giant version of the demo that I do in

437
00:19:38,930 --> 00:19:41,810
class dr. Robert Caldwell attempts an

438
00:19:41,810 --> 00:19:43,880
Earthbound experiment to show how dark

439
00:19:43,880 --> 00:19:45,710
energy affects the acceleration of the

440
00:19:45,710 --> 00:19:48,710
universe he uses a paintball gun mounted

441
00:19:48,710 --> 00:19:50,840
on a truck yeah and basically I mean we

442
00:19:50,840 --> 00:19:52,550
could adjust the angle in any way that

443
00:19:52,550 --> 00:19:53,570
you want it what do you think yeah I

444
00:19:53,570 --> 00:19:56,540
think it's big down a bit more Lisa is

445
00:19:56,540 --> 00:20:02,180
the best so we can mark he sends the

446
00:20:02,180 --> 00:20:04,940
truck coasting down an incline Earth's

447
00:20:04,940 --> 00:20:07,340
gravity pulls the vehicle downhill which

448
00:20:07,340 --> 00:20:09,140
is similar to how dark energy propels

449
00:20:09,140 --> 00:20:11,030
the universe outward causing it to

450
00:20:11,030 --> 00:20:14,030
expand gravity pulls the truck forward

451
00:20:14,030 --> 00:20:17,510
at an increasing speed the gun fires

452
00:20:17,510 --> 00:20:19,520
pain at the ground at regular one-second

453
00:20:19,520 --> 00:20:21,770
intervals Caldwell measures the distance

454
00:20:21,770 --> 00:20:24,170
between the paint dots to calculate just

455
00:20:24,170 --> 00:20:25,760
how fast the truck was accelerating

456
00:20:25,760 --> 00:20:28,370
he'll use the data from this experiment

457
00:20:28,370 --> 00:20:30,740
to see how gravity's force compares to

458
00:20:30,740 --> 00:20:35,840
dark Energy's force in the cosmos we

459
00:20:35,840 --> 00:20:37,190
started thinking about the big rip when

460
00:20:37,190 --> 00:20:38,630
it was discovered that the expansion the

461
00:20:38,630 --> 00:20:41,360
universe was accelerating the degree of

462
00:20:41,360 --> 00:20:43,580
acceleration is not known and it's the

463
00:20:43,580 --> 00:20:45,020
subject of a lot of effort by

464
00:20:45,020 --> 00:20:46,400
astronomers today to try and figure out

465
00:20:46,400 --> 00:20:48,290
exactly how fast the expansion is

466
00:20:48,290 --> 00:20:48,770
growing

467
00:20:48,770 --> 00:20:50,630
what is the past evolution of the

468
00:20:50,630 --> 00:20:53,030
universe in detail and if we can glean

469
00:20:53,030 --> 00:20:54,800
from that what is the future evolution

470
00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:56,420
of the universe it's not known exactly

471
00:20:56,420 --> 00:20:58,220
how fast it's accelerating there's some

472
00:20:58,220 --> 00:21:00,200
evidence that the acceleration is beyond

473
00:21:00,200 --> 00:21:02,210
a certain threshold and beyond that

474
00:21:02,210 --> 00:21:04,610
threshold there's a runaway effect that

475
00:21:04,610 --> 00:21:06,440
could take place and would rip apart the

476
00:21:06,440 --> 00:21:10,250
universe fantastic I think we've got

477
00:21:10,250 --> 00:21:15,020
some good data great give you that end

478
00:21:15,020 --> 00:21:18,040
all right I'll take this

479
00:21:21,830 --> 00:21:24,600
the point of the paintball experiment is

480
00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:26,340
to find parallels between the truck

481
00:21:26,340 --> 00:21:27,990
propelled by the invisible force of

482
00:21:27,990 --> 00:21:31,010
gravity and the accelerating universe

483
00:21:31,010 --> 00:21:33,090
glad we got the long tape measure

484
00:21:33,090 --> 00:21:35,250
because it's really growing pretty fast

485
00:21:35,250 --> 00:21:39,270
the interval within a few measurements

486
00:21:39,270 --> 00:21:41,040
the distance between the paint spots

487
00:21:41,040 --> 00:21:45,450
increases by nearly seven times if the

488
00:21:45,450 --> 00:21:47,910
truck were in space at this rate it

489
00:21:47,910 --> 00:21:49,830
would travel faster than 100 miles per

490
00:21:49,830 --> 00:21:52,290
hour within a minute and over a thousand

491
00:21:52,290 --> 00:21:53,610
miles per hour within ten minutes

492
00:21:53,610 --> 00:22:07,320
they're getting big now 42 all right

493
00:22:07,320 --> 00:22:09,570
point five the question for Robert

494
00:22:09,570 --> 00:22:11,820
Caldwell it's whether the same kind of

495
00:22:11,820 --> 00:22:15,060
expansion and acceleration are happening

496
00:22:15,060 --> 00:22:19,230
on a cosmic scale what's the like the

497
00:22:19,230 --> 00:22:20,640
capsule matter is the plastic or

498
00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:25,950
something ha ha actually this right here

499
00:22:25,950 --> 00:22:27,510
is the data that I took with Eric the

500
00:22:27,510 --> 00:22:29,100
cumulative distance travelled by the car

501
00:22:29,100 --> 00:22:31,380
as a function of time and that's

502
00:22:31,380 --> 00:22:32,910
beautiful it's this nice parabolic shape

503
00:22:32,910 --> 00:22:35,850
that's exactly what you expect for an

504
00:22:35,850 --> 00:22:37,530
accelerating body now over here I've got

505
00:22:37,530 --> 00:22:39,180
another calculation going on where I'm

506
00:22:39,180 --> 00:22:41,910
working out the acceleration of the

507
00:22:41,910 --> 00:22:45,900
universe Robert Caldwell's calculation

508
00:22:45,900 --> 00:22:48,000
shows that forces on earth are similar

509
00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:50,520
to forces in space this demonstration

510
00:22:50,520 --> 00:22:52,770
then gives a sense of the dramatic rate

511
00:22:52,770 --> 00:22:54,270
of expansion that appears to be

512
00:22:54,270 --> 00:22:57,990
happening in a cosmos by eye it might be

513
00:22:57,990 --> 00:23:00,090
difficult to appreciate how good a fit

514
00:23:00,090 --> 00:23:02,400
it is but I can tell you that the weight

515
00:23:02,400 --> 00:23:04,980
of the statistics indicates that an

516
00:23:04,980 --> 00:23:06,510
accelerating universe is a very good fit

517
00:23:06,510 --> 00:23:08,780
to this data

518
00:23:09,570 --> 00:23:12,970
if like the truck the universe is

519
00:23:12,970 --> 00:23:15,309
continually accelerating then billions

520
00:23:15,309 --> 00:23:17,650
of years from now the universe might

521
00:23:17,650 --> 00:23:27,550
tear itself apart while the distant

522
00:23:27,550 --> 00:23:29,680
stars and galaxies would be pulled away

523
00:23:29,680 --> 00:23:31,420
from from each other they'll be peeled

524
00:23:31,420 --> 00:23:35,050
away from us but moreover we would have

525
00:23:35,050 --> 00:23:36,970
time to grow cold and lonely it'll

526
00:23:36,970 --> 00:23:38,440
actually be pretty exciting dramatic

527
00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:42,190
environment stars are ripped apart

528
00:23:42,190 --> 00:23:44,200
planets are ripped apart even atoms are

529
00:23:44,200 --> 00:23:48,240
are torn apart before the other sounds

530
00:23:49,559 --> 00:23:52,000
wouldn't happen for at least 50 billion

531
00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:53,710
years but still it's an interesting fate

532
00:23:53,710 --> 00:23:56,250
for the universe

533
00:23:57,720 --> 00:24:00,750
what would atoms ripping apart look like

534
00:24:00,750 --> 00:24:04,210
things like coffee cups are solid atoms

535
00:24:04,210 --> 00:24:05,770
joined together to create something that

536
00:24:05,770 --> 00:24:07,690
will hold a cappuccino without leaking a

537
00:24:07,690 --> 00:24:09,720
single drop

538
00:24:09,720 --> 00:24:12,300
zoom in through the cup like sailing

539
00:24:12,300 --> 00:24:14,850
through the cosmos past the molecules

540
00:24:14,850 --> 00:24:17,880
and into the atoms the solid cup is

541
00:24:17,880 --> 00:24:19,740
nothing more than a fabric of atomic

542
00:24:19,740 --> 00:24:21,930
particles that formed a bond to become

543
00:24:21,930 --> 00:24:24,170
matter

544
00:24:24,860 --> 00:24:27,540
if these particles were to move apart

545
00:24:27,540 --> 00:24:29,280
the bonds that hold this cup together

546
00:24:29,280 --> 00:24:32,070
stop working the atoms no longer support

547
00:24:32,070 --> 00:24:34,200
molecules the connections between the

548
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:36,840
minuscule particles dissolve matter in

549
00:24:36,840 --> 00:24:39,480
the form of this Cup ceases to exist it

550
00:24:39,480 --> 00:24:42,720
disintegrates gone from existence this

551
00:24:42,720 --> 00:24:45,000
is the dramatic end that Robert Caldwell

552
00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:48,120
foresees for the universe what you would

553
00:24:48,120 --> 00:24:49,860
see if you were standing on earth or

554
00:24:49,860 --> 00:24:51,120
standing on some other planet that

555
00:24:51,120 --> 00:24:53,160
happened to still be around at that time

556
00:24:53,160 --> 00:24:55,080
you would see something that looks like

557
00:24:55,080 --> 00:24:56,820
a wall of darkness approaching you and

558
00:24:56,820 --> 00:24:59,730
as the wall of darkness approaches stars

559
00:24:59,730 --> 00:25:01,770
would go out galaxies would go out and

560
00:25:01,770 --> 00:25:03,810
eventually that wall of darkness would

561
00:25:03,810 --> 00:25:06,180
surround the planet and then pretty soon

562
00:25:06,180 --> 00:25:08,600
atoms themselves are torn apart and

563
00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:10,920
that's it just the wall of darkness

564
00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:12,480
shrinks down to a point and that's the

565
00:25:12,480 --> 00:25:16,530
end of the universe according to Robert

566
00:25:16,530 --> 00:25:18,690
Caldwell that moment is still billions

567
00:25:18,690 --> 00:25:21,060
of years off leaving plenty of time to

568
00:25:21,060 --> 00:25:23,150
refine the research

569
00:25:23,150 --> 00:25:24,770
in a way this is like a detective story

570
00:25:24,770 --> 00:25:27,320
we're trying to figure out what is the

571
00:25:27,320 --> 00:25:28,280
culprit or who is the culprit

572
00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:29,990
responsible for the cosmic acceleration

573
00:25:29,990 --> 00:25:32,180
we think we know its name we call it

574
00:25:32,180 --> 00:25:34,850
dark energy but we don't know the modus

575
00:25:34,850 --> 00:25:36,470
operandi we don't know exactly how it

576
00:25:36,470 --> 00:25:38,720
works what's needed is more information

577
00:25:38,720 --> 00:25:40,760
more information about the physics

578
00:25:40,760 --> 00:25:42,770
behind the dark energy we want to know

579
00:25:42,770 --> 00:25:44,840
exactly what it does and exactly what

580
00:25:44,840 --> 00:25:47,030
it's made out of and then answering

581
00:25:47,030 --> 00:25:48,710
those questions we'll be able to figure

582
00:25:48,710 --> 00:25:50,780
out - exactly what is the fate of the

583
00:25:50,780 --> 00:25:56,059
universe the big rip is one theory

584
00:25:56,059 --> 00:25:58,280
cruising just above Earth's atmosphere

585
00:25:58,280 --> 00:26:00,559
and peering deep into space the Hubble

586
00:26:00,559 --> 00:26:02,390
telescope provides scientists with clues

587
00:26:02,390 --> 00:26:04,280
to a less violent but equally

588
00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:08,380
unavoidable end of the universe

589
00:26:19,390 --> 00:26:21,890
scientists now say the universe is

590
00:26:21,890 --> 00:26:24,800
expanding and that depending on how fast

591
00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:27,230
it is accelerating it might end in a big

592
00:26:27,230 --> 00:26:31,330
rip where everything tears apart

593
00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:34,660
it's also possible that it will continue

594
00:26:34,660 --> 00:26:37,510
to expand but at a slower rate the

595
00:26:37,510 --> 00:26:39,580
universe wouldn't rip apart but we

596
00:26:39,580 --> 00:26:43,180
become dark cold and lifeless if dark

597
00:26:43,180 --> 00:26:44,620
energy turns out to be constant a

598
00:26:44,620 --> 00:26:46,450
constant property of space and continues

599
00:26:46,450 --> 00:26:48,100
at the same rate that it is now the

600
00:26:48,100 --> 00:26:50,470
universe will keep expanding forever and

601
00:26:50,470 --> 00:26:52,270
it will be a very sad state I think in

602
00:26:52,270 --> 00:26:54,820
the end it just chills out everything

603
00:26:54,820 --> 00:26:58,180
cools down evidence for the Big Chill

604
00:26:58,180 --> 00:26:59,920
and all of the theories for the end of

605
00:26:59,920 --> 00:27:02,110
the universe in part come from the

606
00:27:02,110 --> 00:27:04,360
Hubble Space Telescope it has been

607
00:27:04,360 --> 00:27:06,610
orbiting earth since 1990 and has an

608
00:27:06,610 --> 00:27:10,560
unobstructed view of the cosmos the

609
00:27:10,560 --> 00:27:12,940
extraordinary images it beams back to

610
00:27:12,940 --> 00:27:14,800
earth are amazing in their clarity and

611
00:27:14,800 --> 00:27:17,560
detail and because of Hubble scientists

612
00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:19,060
can make better predictions about how

613
00:27:19,060 --> 00:27:23,590
the universe will end so here is an

614
00:27:23,590 --> 00:27:26,410
example of a very deep field that was

615
00:27:26,410 --> 00:27:27,870
taken by the Hubble Space Telescope

616
00:27:27,870 --> 00:27:30,070
literally you point the Space Telescope

617
00:27:30,070 --> 00:27:33,820
at a single region in space and if you

618
00:27:33,820 --> 00:27:35,250
looked at this from a typical

619
00:27:35,250 --> 00:27:37,540
ground-based image before Hubble was

620
00:27:37,540 --> 00:27:39,850
launched first of all it's a literally

621
00:27:39,850 --> 00:27:42,310
almost size of a postage stamp and so

622
00:27:42,310 --> 00:27:43,690
suddenly the first Hubble Deep Field

623
00:27:43,690 --> 00:27:46,720
that was ever taken had 4,000 galaxies

624
00:27:46,720 --> 00:27:48,670
that look just like the galaxies here

625
00:27:48,670 --> 00:27:50,980
that were never visible before from the

626
00:27:50,980 --> 00:27:52,750
ground a tremendous power

627
00:27:52,750 --> 00:27:54,760
each of these smudges in their own right

628
00:27:54,760 --> 00:27:57,400
is another galaxy each one of these

629
00:27:57,400 --> 00:27:59,350
galaxies contains about a hundred

630
00:27:59,350 --> 00:28:02,220
billion stars

631
00:28:06,130 --> 00:28:08,410
Hubble sees more than just stars and

632
00:28:08,410 --> 00:28:10,990
galaxies it just might be on to one of

633
00:28:10,990 --> 00:28:12,720
the key ingredients of space an

634
00:28:12,720 --> 00:28:15,430
invisible ingredient that could put the

635
00:28:15,430 --> 00:28:17,830
brakes on dark Energy's effect and cause

636
00:28:17,830 --> 00:28:18,940
a big chill

637
00:28:18,940 --> 00:28:22,530
that's dark matter

638
00:28:23,190 --> 00:28:25,560
scientists talk about dark matter as the

639
00:28:25,560 --> 00:28:26,700
substance that holds the universe

640
00:28:26,700 --> 00:28:31,220
together and could prevent a big rip

641
00:28:31,220 --> 00:28:34,260
evidence that Dark Matter exists is seen

642
00:28:34,260 --> 00:28:35,790
in some of Hubble's images of nearby

643
00:28:35,790 --> 00:28:38,430
galaxies it sometimes appears as though

644
00:28:38,430 --> 00:28:40,770
other galaxies surrounding the other

645
00:28:40,770 --> 00:28:42,330
galaxies are not really there at all

646
00:28:42,330 --> 00:28:44,850
rather they are reflections of more

647
00:28:44,850 --> 00:28:47,180
distant galaxies coming from behind

648
00:28:47,180 --> 00:28:49,350
astronomers suspect this optical

649
00:28:49,350 --> 00:28:51,900
illusion is dark matter causing a weird

650
00:28:51,900 --> 00:28:54,150
distortion of light called gravitational

651
00:28:54,150 --> 00:28:58,140
lensing the light from the more distant

652
00:28:58,140 --> 00:29:00,240
galaxies is literally bent by the

653
00:29:00,240 --> 00:29:02,760
curvature of space caused by stars and

654
00:29:02,760 --> 00:29:05,370
dark matter in its path the more dark

655
00:29:05,370 --> 00:29:07,290
matter there is between earth and the

656
00:29:07,290 --> 00:29:09,570
distant galaxies the more the light will

657
00:29:09,570 --> 00:29:11,550
be bent and the greater the force to

658
00:29:11,550 --> 00:29:14,160
cause a Big Chill the gravitational

659
00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:15,660
lensing is a tremendous tool for the

660
00:29:15,660 --> 00:29:17,610
astronomer because we can measure the

661
00:29:17,610 --> 00:29:20,130
distortion in background galaxies and

662
00:29:20,130 --> 00:29:23,070
use it to trace the distribution of dark

663
00:29:23,070 --> 00:29:25,680
matter on various scales we're looking

664
00:29:25,680 --> 00:29:27,810
at a distribution of idealized galaxies

665
00:29:27,810 --> 00:29:30,330
here on the sky and the light from these

666
00:29:30,330 --> 00:29:32,100
distant galaxies is passing through

667
00:29:32,100 --> 00:29:34,950
clumps of dark matter what you look at

668
00:29:34,950 --> 00:29:36,720
is not really what's happening it's a

669
00:29:36,720 --> 00:29:38,100
bit like wearing spectacles and not

670
00:29:38,100 --> 00:29:39,450
knowing that you're wearing them if you

671
00:29:39,450 --> 00:29:41,460
can tell how much that bending is

672
00:29:41,460 --> 00:29:43,590
occurring you can map the dark matter

673
00:29:43,590 --> 00:29:46,620
and you can also see well if there's

674
00:29:46,620 --> 00:29:49,650
dark matter there is the universe around

675
00:29:49,650 --> 00:29:51,840
that dark matter behaving the way it

676
00:29:51,840 --> 00:29:54,390
should given the gravity or not if it's

677
00:29:54,390 --> 00:29:57,720
slightly gravitating less then dark

678
00:29:57,720 --> 00:30:01,029
energy might be changing in those places

679
00:30:01,029 --> 00:30:03,320
identifying which energy force dominates

680
00:30:03,320 --> 00:30:06,499
dark matter or dark energy will give

681
00:30:06,499 --> 00:30:08,210
scientists more confidence about whether

682
00:30:08,210 --> 00:30:10,610
a Big Chill or a big rip will be our

683
00:30:10,610 --> 00:30:13,370
fate the best evidence shows dark energy

684
00:30:13,370 --> 00:30:16,749
as the driving force but by how much

685
00:30:16,749 --> 00:30:18,710
solving this mystery

686
00:30:18,710 --> 00:30:20,509
depends on astronomers finding ways to

687
00:30:20,509 --> 00:30:24,700
measure how fast the universe is moving

688
00:30:24,700 --> 00:30:27,980
on earth it's simple to determine how

689
00:30:27,980 --> 00:30:30,289
fast something moves an airplane for

690
00:30:30,289 --> 00:30:32,960
example is relatively close we can look

691
00:30:32,960 --> 00:30:34,820
at it and calculate its speed by

692
00:30:34,820 --> 00:30:37,070
estimating the distance it travels and

693
00:30:37,070 --> 00:30:38,869
timing how long it takes to get from one

694
00:30:38,869 --> 00:30:41,370
point to another

695
00:30:41,370 --> 00:30:43,620
but a stars light can travel for

696
00:30:43,620 --> 00:30:45,780
millions or billions of years before it

697
00:30:45,780 --> 00:30:48,150
can be seen on earth by the time it's

698
00:30:48,150 --> 00:30:50,130
light gets here the star will be long

699
00:30:50,130 --> 00:30:52,380
gone and it's too far away to gauge its

700
00:30:52,380 --> 00:30:54,330
speed or distance traveled with any

701
00:30:54,330 --> 00:30:58,800
certainty the universe is expanding only

702
00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:00,600
scientists cannot give precise answers

703
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:02,940
about how fast the mystery moves closer

704
00:31:02,940 --> 00:31:04,920
to being solved by imaging the cosmos

705
00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:12,210
with greater precision clearer images

706
00:31:12,210 --> 00:31:14,280
from space make it easier to estimate

707
00:31:14,280 --> 00:31:17,880
the rate of expansion if the universe

708
00:31:17,880 --> 00:31:19,590
continues to expand with time then

709
00:31:19,590 --> 00:31:21,900
ultimately all of the energy sources the

710
00:31:21,900 --> 00:31:23,700
nuclear furnaces and stars would run out

711
00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:25,170
and die and the universe would actually

712
00:31:25,170 --> 00:31:26,820
get very cold and there'd be something

713
00:31:26,820 --> 00:31:29,970
called a Big Chill in the Big Chill

714
00:31:29,970 --> 00:31:32,429
scenario earth could become a lonely

715
00:31:32,429 --> 00:31:35,210
cold planet as the universe expands

716
00:31:35,210 --> 00:31:37,890
distances between stars grow so vast

717
00:31:37,890 --> 00:31:40,610
that they nearly disappear from view

718
00:31:40,610 --> 00:31:43,860
over time they burn out and eventually

719
00:31:43,860 --> 00:31:46,290
the entire universe ends in a frozen

720
00:31:46,290 --> 00:31:47,900
state

721
00:31:47,900 --> 00:31:50,670
this fear demonstrates the principles

722
00:31:50,670 --> 00:31:53,580
behind a Big Chill the marbles coming

723
00:31:53,580 --> 00:31:55,470
out of the sphere are like stars that

724
00:31:55,470 --> 00:31:58,290
were formed following the Big Bang dark

725
00:31:58,290 --> 00:32:01,170
energy propels the Stars outward Dark

726
00:32:01,170 --> 00:32:04,710
Matter slows them down in a Big Chill

727
00:32:04,710 --> 00:32:07,200
the expansion would continue but the

728
00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:09,090
nuclear fuel that causes the stars to

729
00:32:09,090 --> 00:32:12,380
burn will eventually run out

730
00:32:13,739 --> 00:32:16,899
from Earth's perspective the first thing

731
00:32:16,899 --> 00:32:19,899
to go would be sunlight the Sun dims as

732
00:32:19,899 --> 00:32:22,570
it exhaust its last bits of nuclear fuel

733
00:32:22,570 --> 00:32:27,389
earth would freeze and become lifeless

734
00:32:28,080 --> 00:32:32,169
and billions of years after humans are

735
00:32:32,169 --> 00:32:37,049
gone the cosmos expands out of view a

736
00:32:37,049 --> 00:32:40,119
few newer stars might remain but most

737
00:32:40,119 --> 00:32:46,359
would have long moved away the furnace

738
00:32:46,359 --> 00:32:48,249
powering the universe burns out the

739
00:32:48,249 --> 00:32:51,159
darkened universe continues to expand a

740
00:32:51,159 --> 00:32:53,950
frozen and lifeless remnant of its once

741
00:32:53,950 --> 00:33:02,169
vibrant existence eventually if this

742
00:33:02,169 --> 00:33:04,570
keeps going if nothing changes in the in

743
00:33:04,570 --> 00:33:06,309
the composition of this energy density

744
00:33:06,309 --> 00:33:07,899
the universe will continue to expand

745
00:33:07,899 --> 00:33:09,489
forever it's going to get colder and

746
00:33:09,489 --> 00:33:11,950
colder and eventually even the gower

747
00:33:11,950 --> 00:33:13,539
neighboring galaxies will be receding

748
00:33:13,539 --> 00:33:15,129
from us so fast that we won't be able to

749
00:33:15,129 --> 00:33:16,989
see them so the universe is going to get

750
00:33:16,989 --> 00:33:19,539
cold and dark and and it will be a very

751
00:33:19,539 --> 00:33:21,959
lonely place

752
00:33:23,129 --> 00:33:25,299
astronomers have much to learn about the

753
00:33:25,299 --> 00:33:27,219
influence of dark energy and dark matter

754
00:33:27,219 --> 00:33:29,499
and much of the newest information is

755
00:33:29,499 --> 00:33:31,259
coming from this probe in deep space

756
00:33:31,259 --> 00:33:33,759
it's sending back information that's

757
00:33:33,759 --> 00:33:35,320
helping scientists to interpret the

758
00:33:35,320 --> 00:33:39,899
history and the fate of the universe

759
00:33:55,570 --> 00:33:59,030
the night sky by all appearance is a

760
00:33:59,030 --> 00:34:02,030
quiet and peaceful place but in reality

761
00:34:02,030 --> 00:34:04,040
there are forces that are driving it to

762
00:34:04,040 --> 00:34:06,340
an end

763
00:34:07,740 --> 00:34:10,719
big science moves astronomers closer to

764
00:34:10,719 --> 00:34:12,280
deciphering the universe's great

765
00:34:12,280 --> 00:34:16,409
mysteries including its ultimate fate

766
00:34:16,409 --> 00:34:19,120
the solution to the universe is riddle

767
00:34:19,120 --> 00:34:20,679
may well be hidden in this

768
00:34:20,679 --> 00:34:22,989
multi-coloured image what's incredible

769
00:34:22,989 --> 00:34:25,239
is that it's a map of the early universe

770
00:34:25,239 --> 00:34:27,550
from the moment it was conceived and

771
00:34:27,550 --> 00:34:30,850
even more fantastic it reveals a great

772
00:34:30,850 --> 00:34:33,399
story that helps cosmologists predict

773
00:34:33,399 --> 00:34:39,219
how it will end the machine that

774
00:34:39,219 --> 00:34:42,219
captured this is called w map a NASA

775
00:34:42,219 --> 00:34:43,899
satellite that's working around the

776
00:34:43,899 --> 00:34:48,489
clock to chart the cosmos what we're

777
00:34:48,489 --> 00:34:49,929
looking at here is the edge of the

778
00:34:49,929 --> 00:34:52,000
visible universe it's the light that W

779
00:34:52,000 --> 00:34:53,980
map measured left that's the remnant

780
00:34:53,980 --> 00:34:55,810
heat from the Big Bang and this is

781
00:34:55,810 --> 00:34:57,130
literally the oldest light in the

782
00:34:57,130 --> 00:34:59,230
universe that we can see this fossil

783
00:34:59,230 --> 00:35:00,850
relic from the early universe tells us a

784
00:35:00,850 --> 00:35:02,470
great deal about what the composition of

785
00:35:02,470 --> 00:35:04,840
matter was like what the expansion rate

786
00:35:04,840 --> 00:35:06,400
was like and really what the conditions

787
00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:09,400
were at the birth of our universe w map

788
00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:10,870
is one of the great astronomical

789
00:35:10,870 --> 00:35:12,540
breakthroughs of the 21st century

790
00:35:12,540 --> 00:35:14,710
nothing before could give us such a

791
00:35:14,710 --> 00:35:16,870
clear image of the energy left over from

792
00:35:16,870 --> 00:35:19,390
the Big Bang energy that scientists call

793
00:35:19,390 --> 00:35:22,680
the Cosmic Microwave Background

794
00:35:23,849 --> 00:35:26,049
w map is measuring temperature

795
00:35:26,049 --> 00:35:27,280
differences in the Cosmic Microwave

796
00:35:27,280 --> 00:35:29,589
Background which may finally make it

797
00:35:29,589 --> 00:35:31,630
possible to predict which force will

798
00:35:31,630 --> 00:35:33,760
dominate the universe and how that force

799
00:35:33,760 --> 00:35:36,579
will bring the cosmos - it's in the blue

800
00:35:36,579 --> 00:35:39,400
spots are regions in the microwave light

801
00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:41,470
that was produced by the Big Bang that

802
00:35:41,470 --> 00:35:43,510
are slightly colder than the average

803
00:35:43,510 --> 00:35:45,339
temperature and the red spots are

804
00:35:45,339 --> 00:35:46,690
regions that are slightly hotter than

805
00:35:46,690 --> 00:35:48,730
the average temperature difference is

806
00:35:48,730 --> 00:35:51,190
revealed by W map tell scientists about

807
00:35:51,190 --> 00:35:53,319
the nature of the matter and energy that

808
00:35:53,319 --> 00:35:55,690
is contained within the universe they're

809
00:35:55,690 --> 00:35:57,640
able to analyze the light patterns and

810
00:35:57,640 --> 00:35:59,950
find clues not only about the substance

811
00:35:59,950 --> 00:36:05,109
but also the fate of the universe we

812
00:36:05,109 --> 00:36:06,400
only capture a tiny part of the

813
00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:07,660
electromagnetic spectrum with our eyes

814
00:36:07,660 --> 00:36:09,970
and we have to go to much longer

815
00:36:09,970 --> 00:36:11,559
wavelengths same wavelengths that are

816
00:36:11,559 --> 00:36:12,970
used to heat water in a microwave oven

817
00:36:12,970 --> 00:36:16,809
are what we're measuring here that w w

818
00:36:16,809 --> 00:36:19,270
map is so precise that it can detect

819
00:36:19,270 --> 00:36:21,490
differences in temperatures as small as

820
00:36:21,490 --> 00:36:24,190
one one thousandth of a degree this

821
00:36:24,190 --> 00:36:25,780
sensitivity helps scientists to

822
00:36:25,780 --> 00:36:27,549
calculate the ratio of dark matter to

823
00:36:27,549 --> 00:36:29,890
dark energy forces that will determine

824
00:36:29,890 --> 00:36:33,400
how the universe ends we assemble all

825
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:35,230
those difference measurements and make a

826
00:36:35,230 --> 00:36:38,230
map of the variations of light and by

827
00:36:38,230 --> 00:36:41,380
turning up the the contrast we can can

828
00:36:41,380 --> 00:36:44,140
basically subtract off this uniform glow

829
00:36:44,140 --> 00:36:47,039
from the Big Bang and look for variation

830
00:36:47,039 --> 00:36:50,020
it doesn't look like much until Garry

831
00:36:50,020 --> 00:36:52,990
Henshaw just the contrast then the W map

832
00:36:52,990 --> 00:36:55,710
image comes to life

833
00:36:55,710 --> 00:36:58,710
looking at W map imagery is in essence

834
00:36:58,710 --> 00:37:00,690
taking a journey back through space and

835
00:37:00,690 --> 00:37:03,059
time so that we might get some new ideas

836
00:37:03,059 --> 00:37:06,680
on the fate of the universe

837
00:37:14,670 --> 00:37:16,470
pulling away from the probe and

838
00:37:16,470 --> 00:37:18,359
following the path of the light it is

839
00:37:18,359 --> 00:37:21,660
collecting we past Mars Jupiter and

840
00:37:21,660 --> 00:37:24,180
Saturn whose reflected light takes over

841
00:37:24,180 --> 00:37:29,910
an hour to reach Earth then leaving the

842
00:37:29,910 --> 00:37:32,579
Milky Way we pass Andromeda the next

843
00:37:32,579 --> 00:37:35,250
nearest galaxies whose light takes 2.3

844
00:37:35,250 --> 00:37:38,010
million years to reach us which means we

845
00:37:38,010 --> 00:37:41,190
have traveled 2.3 million years back in

846
00:37:41,190 --> 00:37:43,460
time

847
00:37:53,380 --> 00:37:56,499
and finally we arrived back 13 billion

848
00:37:56,499 --> 00:37:58,960
years ago at the beginning of visible

849
00:37:58,960 --> 00:38:03,069
light before that superheated hydrogen

850
00:38:03,069 --> 00:38:06,489
gas is everywhere w map conceived this

851
00:38:06,489 --> 00:38:11,529
far back in history it's confirming

852
00:38:11,529 --> 00:38:13,630
important facts about the universe and

853
00:38:13,630 --> 00:38:18,940
what's driving it to its demise the

854
00:38:18,940 --> 00:38:21,099
final act for the universe becomes more

855
00:38:21,099 --> 00:38:24,130
easily predicted thanks to W map its

856
00:38:24,130 --> 00:38:26,170
information combined with the work of

857
00:38:26,170 --> 00:38:28,509
astronomers has led to some astounding

858
00:38:28,509 --> 00:38:30,220
discoveries concerning a rapidly

859
00:38:30,220 --> 00:38:32,739
expanding universe rapid expansion

860
00:38:32,739 --> 00:38:35,380
supports the dark energy theory and the

861
00:38:35,380 --> 00:38:38,829
possibility of a Big Chill or big rip we

862
00:38:38,829 --> 00:38:40,420
now know from all the data we've had in

863
00:38:40,420 --> 00:38:42,549
the last 10 years of those by a factor

864
00:38:42,549 --> 00:38:44,349
of 2 to 1 more dark energy than dark

865
00:38:44,349 --> 00:38:46,660
matter so dark energy is the dominant

866
00:38:46,660 --> 00:38:48,640
constituent of the energy in the

867
00:38:48,640 --> 00:38:51,789
universe the evidence seems clear dark

868
00:38:51,789 --> 00:38:54,009
energy is taking over and is leading

869
00:38:54,009 --> 00:38:55,720
astronomers into new thoughts about the

870
00:38:55,720 --> 00:38:59,450
beginning and the end of the universe

871
00:38:59,450 --> 00:39:01,099
before the discovery of dark energy

872
00:39:01,099 --> 00:39:02,660
things were a lot simpler if we could

873
00:39:02,660 --> 00:39:03,920
determine the amount of matter in the

874
00:39:03,920 --> 00:39:05,480
universe then we could say something

875
00:39:05,480 --> 00:39:07,700
about its ultimate destiny those simple

876
00:39:07,700 --> 00:39:08,630
days are gone

877
00:39:08,630 --> 00:39:11,089
but the proof is adding up and supports

878
00:39:11,089 --> 00:39:12,770
the idea that the universe will continue

879
00:39:12,770 --> 00:39:17,020
to expand but will it do so to oblivion

880
00:39:17,020 --> 00:39:19,339
we've made huge strides in the last

881
00:39:19,339 --> 00:39:20,900
century in learning something about the

882
00:39:20,900 --> 00:39:22,490
evolution of universe and its expansion

883
00:39:22,490 --> 00:39:25,339
but we've now raised more questions in

884
00:39:25,339 --> 00:39:26,780
some sense than we've been able to

885
00:39:26,780 --> 00:39:29,059
answer and so I think the next decade is

886
00:39:29,059 --> 00:39:31,280
gonna be even more exciting astronomers

887
00:39:31,280 --> 00:39:33,530
have tons and tons of challenges that

888
00:39:33,530 --> 00:39:35,180
have been thrown our way by theorists

889
00:39:35,180 --> 00:39:36,920
and we are rapidly trying to figure out

890
00:39:36,920 --> 00:39:38,510
how to answer all of these questions and

891
00:39:38,510 --> 00:39:40,309
I think that's the exciting future

892
00:39:40,309 --> 00:39:41,809
because if you if you can go out and

893
00:39:41,809 --> 00:39:44,150
really observe something you're testing

894
00:39:44,150 --> 00:39:46,089
it and that's what science is all about

895
00:39:46,089 --> 00:39:49,160
the battle between dark matter and dark

896
00:39:49,160 --> 00:39:51,650
energy is expected to go on for billions

897
00:39:51,650 --> 00:39:54,500
of years and humans will be long gone

898
00:39:54,500 --> 00:39:57,970
from Earth when the final outcome occurs

899
00:39:57,970 --> 00:40:00,730
but no pursuit has been more significant

900
00:40:00,730 --> 00:40:02,920
to science than understanding how the

901
00:40:02,920 --> 00:40:06,310
universe arrived how it works and how it

902
00:40:06,310 --> 00:40:09,010
will end it's a never-ending quest it's

903
00:40:09,010 --> 00:40:11,530
driving astronomy what are the answers

904
00:40:11,530 --> 00:40:12,910
to these profound questions the

905
00:40:12,910 --> 00:40:14,740
constituents of the universe the nature

906
00:40:14,740 --> 00:40:16,750
of dark matter and perhaps the biggest

907
00:40:16,750 --> 00:40:18,670
mystery of all what is the ultimate fate

908
00:40:18,670 --> 00:40:21,510
of the universe

909
00:40:35,790 --> 00:40:37,850
you

910
00:40:40,280 --> 00:40:41,510
eventually when the fuel is exhausted

911
00:40:41,510 --> 00:40:43,850
the rocket coasts a few feet higher

912
00:40:43,850 --> 00:40:49,100
stops and is pulled back to earth this

913
00:40:49,100 --> 00:40:51,260
is what would happen at a big crunch the

914
00:40:51,260 --> 00:40:53,150
entire universe is essentially pulled

915
00:40:53,150 --> 00:40:56,290
back to its launch path

916
00:40:56,519 --> 00:40:59,410
the universe itself has its own momentum

917
00:40:59,410 --> 00:41:01,599
its own energy it's moving outward but

918
00:41:01,599 --> 00:41:03,609
eventually there's a point where

919
00:41:03,609 --> 00:41:05,829
possibly the universe will stop that

920
00:41:05,829 --> 00:41:08,950
moving outward just like the rocket that

921
00:41:08,950 --> 00:41:11,470
we saw and have to fall back in upon

922
00:41:11,470 --> 00:41:13,900
itself and collapse again under the

923
00:41:13,900 --> 00:41:18,549
force of its own gravity in this

924
00:41:18,549 --> 00:41:20,589
scenario the universe could return to

925
00:41:20,589 --> 00:41:22,809
its original state just before the Big

926
00:41:22,809 --> 00:41:25,059
Bang setting the stage for a perpetual

927
00:41:25,059 --> 00:41:30,970
seesaw of creation and destruction the

928
00:41:30,970 --> 00:41:33,190
Big Crunch Theory moved to a scientific

929
00:41:33,190 --> 00:41:35,799
backburner cosmologists figured out that

930
00:41:35,799 --> 00:41:37,509
there must be some form of energy that

931
00:41:37,509 --> 00:41:41,069
keeps the universe from collapsing

932
00:41:44,060 --> 00:41:46,760
the existence of such a force leads to

933
00:41:46,760 --> 00:41:48,500
new theories about what the universe is

934
00:41:48,500 --> 00:41:51,730
made of and how it might end and

935
00:41:51,730 --> 00:41:53,960
evidence about how this might play out

936
00:41:53,960 --> 00:41:55,880
is found in some of the most powerful

937
00:41:55,880 --> 00:41:59,350
and mysterious phenomena in the cosmos

938
00:41:59,350 --> 00:42:02,680
black holes

939
00:42:18,119 --> 00:42:20,289
predicting how the universe will end

940
00:42:20,289 --> 00:42:22,210
involve some of the most advanced

941
00:42:22,210 --> 00:42:23,680
technology known to man

942
00:42:23,680 --> 00:42:27,339
on a remote volcano on the island of

943
00:42:27,339 --> 00:42:27,969
Hawaii

944
00:42:27,969 --> 00:42:30,009
astronomers are monitoring a battle in

945
00:42:30,009 --> 00:42:31,660
space that is shaping the fate of the

946
00:42:31,660 --> 00:42:35,279
universe at an elevation of nearly

947
00:42:35,279 --> 00:42:38,259
14,000 feet the Keck telescopes bring

948
00:42:38,259 --> 00:42:39,940
astronomers from all over the world

949
00:42:39,940 --> 00:42:42,460
nearer to space for a clearer view of

950
00:42:42,460 --> 00:42:47,140
the cosmos they come here because the

951
00:42:47,140 --> 00:42:49,359
telescope's work best far away from city

952
00:42:49,359 --> 00:42:51,519
lights and as high as possible above

953
00:42:51,519 --> 00:42:55,869
Earth's polluted air harsh conditions

954
00:42:55,869 --> 00:42:58,089
make it difficult to work here but for

955
00:42:58,089 --> 00:42:59,559
scientists in pursuit of the great

956
00:42:59,559 --> 00:43:03,609
mysteries above it's paradise so this is

957
00:43:03,609 --> 00:43:05,589
a remarkable location but of course the

958
00:43:05,589 --> 00:43:07,809
air is very thin is extremely hard to

959
00:43:07,809 --> 00:43:09,579
work here but these tasks opes are

960
00:43:09,579 --> 00:43:11,319
amazingly powerful but we're ambitious

961
00:43:11,319 --> 00:43:13,779
astronomers we don't just start looking

962
00:43:13,779 --> 00:43:15,969
at easy objects we try hard to look at

963
00:43:15,969 --> 00:43:17,799
the very faintest objects so we can

964
00:43:17,799 --> 00:43:19,239
understand the extremities of the

965
00:43:19,239 --> 00:43:21,819
universe here astronomers like Richard

966
00:43:21,819 --> 00:43:23,559
Ellis are working on a problem that has

967
00:43:23,559 --> 00:43:25,539
been all-consuming for cosmologists

968
00:43:25,539 --> 00:43:27,369
since Edwin Hubble they know the

969
00:43:27,369 --> 00:43:29,170
universe is expanding what they don't

970
00:43:29,170 --> 00:43:31,630
know is how fast it'll be difficult to

971
00:43:31,630 --> 00:43:33,279
predict exactly how the universe will

972
00:43:33,279 --> 00:43:35,710
end until they solve this mystery the

973
00:43:35,710 --> 00:43:38,049
answers lie in the past now what we were

974
00:43:38,049 --> 00:43:39,670
looking what I did the focally the

975
00:43:39,670 --> 00:43:42,099
universe will stop that moving outward

976
00:43:42,099 --> 00:43:44,920
just like the rocket that we saw and how

977
00:43:44,920 --> 00:43:47,680
to fall back in upon itself and collapse

978
00:43:47,680 --> 00:43:52,109
again under the force of its own gravity

979
00:43:52,230 --> 00:43:55,240
in this scenario the universe could

980
00:43:55,240 --> 00:43:57,430
return to its original state just before

981
00:43:57,430 --> 00:43:59,620
the Big Bang setting the stage for a

982
00:43:59,620 --> 00:44:01,690
perpetual seesaw of creation and

983
00:44:01,690 --> 00:44:07,420
destruction the Big Crunch Theory moved

984
00:44:07,420 --> 00:44:10,150
to a scientific backburner cosmologists

985
00:44:10,150 --> 00:44:11,890
figured out that there must be some form

986
00:44:11,890 --> 00:44:13,450
of energy that keeps the universe from

987
00:44:13,450 --> 00:44:16,050
collapsing

988
00:44:19,060 --> 00:44:21,760
the existence of such a force leads to

989
00:44:21,760 --> 00:44:23,500
new theories about what the universe is

990
00:44:23,500 --> 00:44:26,730
made of and how it might end and

991
00:44:26,730 --> 00:44:28,930
evidence about how this might play out

992
00:44:28,930 --> 00:44:31,150
is found in some of the most powerful

993
00:44:31,150 --> 00:44:34,320
and mysterious phenomena in the cosmos

994
00:44:34,320 --> 00:44:37,680
black holes

995
00:44:53,100 --> 00:44:55,270
predicting how the universe will end

996
00:44:55,270 --> 00:44:57,190
involve some of the most advanced

997
00:44:57,190 --> 00:44:58,660
technology known to man

998
00:44:58,660 --> 00:45:02,320
on a remote volcano on the island of

999
00:45:02,320 --> 00:45:02,980
Hawaii

1000
00:45:02,980 --> 00:45:05,020
astronomers are monitoring a battle in

1001
00:45:05,020 --> 00:45:06,670
space that is shaping the fate of the

1002
00:45:06,670 --> 00:45:10,290
universe at an elevation of nearly

1003
00:45:10,290 --> 00:45:13,270
14,000 feet the Keck telescopes bring

1004
00:45:13,270 --> 00:45:14,920
astronomers from all over the world

1005
00:45:14,920 --> 00:45:17,440
nearer to space for a clearer view of

1006
00:45:17,440 --> 00:45:22,120
the cosmos they come here because the

1007
00:45:22,120 --> 00:45:24,370
telescope's work best far away from city

1008
00:45:24,370 --> 00:45:26,470
lights and as high as possible above

1009
00:45:26,470 --> 00:45:30,850
Earth's polluted air harsh conditions

1010
00:45:30,850 --> 00:45:33,070
make it difficult to work here but for

1011
00:45:33,070 --> 00:45:34,570
scientists in pursuit of the great

1012
00:45:34,570 --> 00:45:38,590
mysteries above it's paradise so this is

1013
00:45:38,590 --> 00:45:40,570
a remarkable location but of course the

1014
00:45:40,570 --> 00:45:42,790
air is very thin it's extremely hard to

1015
00:45:42,790 --> 00:45:44,560
work here but these telescopes are

1016
00:45:44,560 --> 00:45:46,300
amazingly powerful but we're ambitious

1017
00:45:46,300 --> 00:45:48,670
astronomers we don't just stop looking

1018
00:45:48,670 --> 00:45:51,010
at easy objects we try hard to look at

1019
00:45:51,010 --> 00:45:52,780
the very faintest objects so we can

1020
00:45:52,780 --> 00:45:54,190
understand the extremities of the

1021
00:45:54,190 --> 00:45:56,800
universe here astronomers like Richard

1022
00:45:56,800 --> 00:45:58,540
Ellis are working on a problem that has

1023
00:45:58,540 --> 00:46:00,550
been all-consuming for cosmologists

1024
00:46:00,550 --> 00:46:02,350
since Edwin Hubble they know the

1025
00:46:02,350 --> 00:46:04,180
universe is expanding what they don't

1026
00:46:04,180 --> 00:46:06,580
know is how fast it'll be difficult to

1027
00:46:06,580 --> 00:46:08,260
predict exactly how the universe will

1028
00:46:08,260 --> 00:46:10,690
end until they solve this mystery the

1029
00:46:10,690 --> 00:46:13,030
answers lie in the past now what we were

1030
00:46:13,030 --> 00:46:14,800
looking what I did the focus on was of

1031
00:46:14,800 --> 00:46:17,490
the equals 12

1032
00:46:17,490 --> 00:46:21,060
okay get a better focus no that was with

1033
00:46:21,060 --> 00:46:24,660
you an astronomer like myself uses a

1034
00:46:24,660 --> 00:46:26,670
ground-based telescope as a time machine

1035
00:46:26,670 --> 00:46:28,800
we're looking back in times to study

1036
00:46:28,800 --> 00:46:30,839
distant galaxies seen as they were along

1037
00:46:30,839 --> 00:46:32,430
long time ago one of the distant

1038
00:46:32,430 --> 00:46:34,619
galaxies that astronomers found revealed

1039
00:46:34,619 --> 00:46:36,450
a powerful source of x-rays from

1040
00:46:36,450 --> 00:46:39,089
something that they could not see the

1041
00:46:39,089 --> 00:46:40,530
verse tells us a great deal about what

1042
00:46:40,530 --> 00:46:42,690
the composition of matter was like what

1043
00:46:42,690 --> 00:46:44,730
the expansion rate was like and really

1044
00:46:44,730 --> 00:46:46,140
what the conditions were at the birth of

1045
00:46:46,140 --> 00:46:49,050
our universe w map is one of the great

1046
00:46:49,050 --> 00:46:50,970
astronomical breakthroughs of the 21st

1047
00:46:50,970 --> 00:46:51,750
century

1048
00:46:51,750 --> 00:46:53,670
nothing before could give us such a

1049
00:46:53,670 --> 00:46:55,859
clear image of the energy left over from

1050
00:46:55,859 --> 00:46:58,349
the Big Bang energy that scientists call

1051
00:46:58,349 --> 00:47:04,170
the Cosmic Microwave Background w map is

1052
00:47:04,170 --> 00:47:05,790
measuring temperature differences in the

1053
00:47:05,790 --> 00:47:07,950
Cosmic Microwave Background which may

1054
00:47:07,950 --> 00:47:09,599
finally make it possible to predict

1055
00:47:09,599 --> 00:47:11,160
which force will dominate the universe

1056
00:47:11,160 --> 00:47:13,710
and how that force will bring the cosmos

1057
00:47:13,710 --> 00:47:16,980
- it's in the blue spots are regions in

1058
00:47:16,980 --> 00:47:19,410
the microwave light that was produced by

1059
00:47:19,410 --> 00:47:21,839
the Big Bang that are slightly colder

1060
00:47:21,839 --> 00:47:23,849
than the average temperature and the red

1061
00:47:23,849 --> 00:47:25,080
spots are regions that are slightly

1062
00:47:25,080 --> 00:47:27,180
hotter than the average temperature

1063
00:47:27,180 --> 00:47:29,520
difference is revealed by W map tell

1064
00:47:29,520 --> 00:47:31,050
scientists about the nature of the

1065
00:47:31,050 --> 00:47:32,880
matter and energy that is contained

1066
00:47:32,880 --> 00:47:35,010
within the universe they're able to

1067
00:47:35,010 --> 00:47:37,170
analyze the light patterns and find

1068
00:47:37,170 --> 00:47:39,450
clues not only about the substance but

1069
00:47:39,450 --> 00:47:44,339
also the fate of the universe we only

1070
00:47:44,339 --> 00:47:45,300
capture a tiny part of the

1071
00:47:45,300 --> 00:47:46,619
electromagnetic spectrum with our eyes

1072
00:47:46,619 --> 00:47:48,750
and we have to go to much longer

1073
00:47:48,750 --> 00:47:50,910
wavelengths same wavelengths are used to

1074
00:47:50,910 --> 00:47:52,980
heat water in a microwave oven our lover

1075
00:47:52,980 --> 00:47:54,890
imagery here

1076
00:47:54,890 --> 00:47:58,220
w map is so precise that it can detect

1077
00:47:58,220 --> 00:48:00,470
differences in temperatures as small as

1078
00:48:00,470 --> 00:48:03,140
one one thousandth of a degree this

1079
00:48:03,140 --> 00:48:04,760
sensitivity helps scientists to

1080
00:48:04,760 --> 00:48:06,650
calculate the ratio of dark matter to

1081
00:48:06,650 --> 00:48:08,869
dark energy forces that will determine

1082
00:48:08,869 --> 00:48:12,349
how the universe ends we assemble all

1083
00:48:12,349 --> 00:48:14,210
those difference measurements and make a

1084
00:48:14,210 --> 00:48:17,210
map of the variations of light and by

1085
00:48:17,210 --> 00:48:20,480
turning up the contrast we can basically

1086
00:48:20,480 --> 00:48:23,510
subtract off this uniform glow from the

1087
00:48:23,510 --> 00:48:27,019
Big Bang and look for variation it

1088
00:48:27,019 --> 00:48:29,000
doesn't look like much until Garry

1089
00:48:29,000 --> 00:48:31,970
Henshaw just the contrast then the W map

1090
00:48:31,970 --> 00:48:34,670
image comes to life

1091
00:48:34,670 --> 00:48:37,670
looking at W map imagery is in essence

1092
00:48:37,670 --> 00:48:39,680
taking a journey back through space and

1093
00:48:39,680 --> 00:48:42,019
time so that we might get some new ideas

1094
00:48:42,019 --> 00:48:45,640
on the fate of the universe

1095
00:48:53,380 --> 00:48:55,460
pulling away from the probe and

1096
00:48:55,460 --> 00:48:57,289
following the path of the light it is

1097
00:48:57,289 --> 00:49:00,789
collecting we pass Mars Jupiter Saturn

1098
00:49:00,789 --> 00:49:03,319
whose reflected light takes over an hour

1099
00:49:03,319 --> 00:49:06,279
to reach Earth

1100
00:49:06,970 --> 00:49:10,130
then leaving the Milky Way we pass

1101
00:49:10,130 --> 00:49:12,380
Andromeda the next nearest galaxies

1102
00:49:12,380 --> 00:49:15,410
whose light takes 2.3 million years to

1103
00:49:15,410 --> 00:49:17,710
reach us which means we have travelled

1104
00:49:17,710 --> 00:49:22,420
2.3 million years back in time

1105
00:49:32,250 --> 00:49:35,490
and finally we arrived back 13 billion

1106
00:49:35,490 --> 00:49:37,920
years ago at the beginning of visible

1107
00:49:37,920 --> 00:49:41,070
light in second intervals Caldwell

1108
00:49:41,070 --> 00:49:42,570
measures the distance between the paint

1109
00:49:42,570 --> 00:49:44,790
dots to calculate just how fast the

1110
00:49:44,790 --> 00:49:47,099
truck was accelerating you'll use the

1111
00:49:47,099 --> 00:49:49,080
data from this experiment to see how

1112
00:49:49,080 --> 00:49:50,940
gravity's force compares to dark

1113
00:49:50,940 --> 00:49:56,070
energies force in the cosmos we started

1114
00:49:56,070 --> 00:49:57,359
thinking about the big rip when it was

1115
00:49:57,359 --> 00:49:58,619
discovered that the expansion the

1116
00:49:58,619 --> 00:50:01,260
universe was accelerating the degree of

1117
00:50:01,260 --> 00:50:03,570
acceleration is not known and it's the

1118
00:50:03,570 --> 00:50:05,010
subject of a lot of effort by

1119
00:50:05,010 --> 00:50:06,359
astronomers today to try and figure out

1120
00:50:06,359 --> 00:50:08,250
exactly how fast the expansion is

1121
00:50:08,250 --> 00:50:10,560
growing what is the past evolution of

1122
00:50:10,560 --> 00:50:12,810
the universe in detail and if we can

1123
00:50:12,810 --> 00:50:14,430
glean from that what is the future

1124
00:50:14,430 --> 00:50:16,230
evolution of the universe it's not

1125
00:50:16,230 --> 00:50:17,369
knowing exactly how fast it's

1126
00:50:17,369 --> 00:50:18,750
accelerating there's some evidence that

1127
00:50:18,750 --> 00:50:20,430
the acceleration is beyond a certain

1128
00:50:20,430 --> 00:50:22,640
threshold and beyond that threshold

1129
00:50:22,640 --> 00:50:24,840
there's a runaway effect that could take

1130
00:50:24,840 --> 00:50:26,430
place and it would rip apart the

1131
00:50:26,430 --> 00:50:30,240
universe fantastic I think we've got

1132
00:50:30,240 --> 00:50:34,980
some good data great give you that end

1133
00:50:34,980 --> 00:50:38,000
all right I'll take this

1134
00:50:42,560 --> 00:50:44,570
the point of the paintball experiment is

1135
00:50:44,570 --> 00:50:46,310
to find parallels between the truck

1136
00:50:46,310 --> 00:50:47,960
propelled by the invisible force of

1137
00:50:47,960 --> 00:50:50,980
gravity and the accelerating universe

1138
00:50:50,980 --> 00:50:53,060
glad we got that long tape measure

1139
00:50:53,060 --> 00:50:55,220
because it's really growing pretty fast

1140
00:50:55,220 --> 00:50:59,270
the interval within a few measurements

1141
00:50:59,270 --> 00:51:01,010
the distance between the paint spots

1142
00:51:01,010 --> 00:51:05,420
increases by nearly seven times if the

1143
00:51:05,420 --> 00:51:07,940
truck were in space at this rate it

1144
00:51:07,940 --> 00:51:09,800
would travel faster than 100 miles per

1145
00:51:09,800 --> 00:51:12,260
hour within a minute and over a thousand

1146
00:51:12,260 --> 00:51:14,390
miles per hour within 10 minutes they're

1147
00:51:14,390 --> 00:51:27,770
getting big now 42 all right point five

1148
00:51:27,770 --> 00:51:30,680
the question for Robert Caldwell it's

1149
00:51:30,680 --> 00:51:32,980
whether the same kind of expansion and

1150
00:51:32,980 --> 00:51:35,900
acceleration are happening on a cosmic

1151
00:51:35,900 --> 00:51:39,770
scale what's the like the capsule Nano

1152
00:51:39,770 --> 00:51:46,100
is the plastic this right here is the

1153
00:51:46,100 --> 00:51:47,480
data that I took with Eric the

1154
00:51:47,480 --> 00:51:48,890
cumulative distance travelled by the car

1155
00:51:48,890 --> 00:51:51,380
as a function of time and that's

1156
00:51:51,380 --> 00:51:52,880
beautiful it's this nice parabolic shape

1157
00:51:52,880 --> 00:51:55,820
that's exactly what you expect for an

1158
00:51:55,820 --> 00:51:57,619
accelerating body and over here I've got

1159
00:51:57,619 --> 00:51:59,260
another calculation going on we're on

1160
00:51:59,260 --> 00:52:01,910
working out the acceleration of the

1161
00:52:01,910 --> 00:52:03,580
universe

1162
00:52:03,580 --> 00:52:06,470
Robert Caldwell's calculation shows that

1163
00:52:06,470 --> 00:52:08,630
forces on earth are similar to forces in

1164
00:52:08,630 --> 00:52:11,540
space this demonstration then gives a

1165
00:52:11,540 --> 00:52:13,520
sense of the dramatic rate of expansion

1166
00:52:13,520 --> 00:52:15,080
that appears to be happening in the

1167
00:52:15,080 --> 00:52:18,619
cosmos by eye it might be difficult to

1168
00:52:18,619 --> 00:52:21,200
appreciate how good a fit it is but I

1169
00:52:21,200 --> 00:52:22,640
can tell you that the weight of a

1170
00:52:22,640 --> 00:52:24,950
statistics indicates that an

1171
00:52:24,950 --> 00:52:26,480
accelerating universe is a very good fit

1172
00:52:26,480 --> 00:52:28,930
to this data

1173
00:52:29,570 --> 00:52:32,970
if like the truck the universe is

1174
00:52:32,970 --> 00:52:35,490
continually accelerating than billions

1175
00:52:35,490 --> 00:52:37,620
of years from now the universe might

1176
00:52:37,620 --> 00:52:41,760
tear itself apart scientists consider

1177
00:52:41,760 --> 00:52:44,760
exploding stars or supernovae like in

1178
00:52:44,760 --> 00:52:46,290
these images captured by the Hubble

1179
00:52:46,290 --> 00:52:48,870
telescope to be reliable tell tales of

1180
00:52:48,870 --> 00:52:51,780
how fast the universe expands their

1181
00:52:51,780 --> 00:52:54,240
brief and bright explosions allow

1182
00:52:54,240 --> 00:52:55,860
scientists to track the universe's

1183
00:52:55,860 --> 00:52:57,840
expansion and give them a way to measure

1184
00:52:57,840 --> 00:53:01,080
its speed essentially they are white

1185
00:53:01,080 --> 00:53:03,000
dwarfs stars that become nuclear bombs

1186
00:53:03,000 --> 00:53:05,580
they explode with a certain brightness

1187
00:53:05,580 --> 00:53:07,560
and a certain length of time it takes a

1188
00:53:07,560 --> 00:53:08,520
certain amount of time for that

1189
00:53:08,520 --> 00:53:10,050
brightness to dissipate they are

1190
00:53:10,050 --> 00:53:12,090
essentially standard candles any one of

1191
00:53:12,090 --> 00:53:14,430
these will look the same no matter where

1192
00:53:14,430 --> 00:53:18,570
it is in the universe astronomers

1193
00:53:18,570 --> 00:53:20,760
measure the distance and speed of these

1194
00:53:20,760 --> 00:53:23,160
exploding stars by measuring the amount

1195
00:53:23,160 --> 00:53:26,670
of red light they emit the faster the

1196
00:53:26,670 --> 00:53:28,800
star moves away from us the redder its

1197
00:53:28,800 --> 00:53:31,530
light appears the expansion rate of

1198
00:53:31,530 --> 00:53:33,420
galaxies containing stars like

1199
00:53:33,420 --> 00:53:36,060
supernovae can then be used to interpret

1200
00:53:36,060 --> 00:53:38,010
how the rest of the universe is moving

1201
00:53:38,010 --> 00:53:40,740
outward we know this because we can

1202
00:53:40,740 --> 00:53:43,530
compare the velocities of galaxies with

1203
00:53:43,530 --> 00:53:46,020
their distances

1204
00:53:46,020 --> 00:53:48,060
these are the clues that lead

1205
00:53:48,060 --> 00:53:50,130
astronomers to answer just how soon the

1206
00:53:50,130 --> 00:53:52,230
universe will reverse direction and come

1207
00:53:52,230 --> 00:53:55,440
back together in a Big Crunch or this

1208
00:53:55,440 --> 00:53:57,090
information might lead to an entirely

1209
00:53:57,090 --> 00:54:01,080
different conclusion dr. Ellis is

1210
00:54:01,080 --> 00:54:02,340
looking at clues at the Keck Observatory

1211
00:54:02,340 --> 00:54:08,340
in Hawaii while the telescope is on the

1212
00:54:08,340 --> 00:54:10,950
top of a huge volcano he's in a viewing

1213
00:54:10,950 --> 00:54:12,560
room on another part of the island

1214
00:54:12,560 --> 00:54:17,010
mission lies in the red in the red side

1215
00:54:17,010 --> 00:54:20,100
at the same time Johan Ruhe Shar is at

1216
00:54:20,100 --> 00:54:22,020
the California Institute of Technology

1217
00:54:22,020 --> 00:54:24,570
in Pasadena California evaluating the

1218
00:54:24,570 --> 00:54:26,190
light from a distant galaxy that the

1219
00:54:26,190 --> 00:54:30,570
Keck telescope captured in Hawaii he's

1220
00:54:30,570 --> 00:54:32,130
looking to see if any of the known

1221
00:54:32,130 --> 00:54:34,320
elements coming from the galaxy are in

1222
00:54:34,320 --> 00:54:38,270
the red spectrum and moving farther away

1223
00:54:39,420 --> 00:54:42,970
we can interpret that as a velocity as

1224
00:54:42,970 --> 00:54:45,700
how much the galaxies moving away from

1225
00:54:45,700 --> 00:54:48,400
us we can really interpret how the

1226
00:54:48,400 --> 00:54:53,790
entire universe is behaving if expanding

1227
00:54:53,790 --> 00:54:56,530
interpreting redshift is the cornerstone

1228
00:54:56,530 --> 00:54:58,540
of the quest to pin down the fate of the

1229
00:54:58,540 --> 00:55:00,960
universe

1230
00:55:02,430 --> 00:55:04,410
clearer pictures of the universe that

1231
00:55:04,410 --> 00:55:06,180
have only been possible in recent years

1232
00:55:06,180 --> 00:55:08,640
have led cosmologists to conclude that

1233
00:55:08,640 --> 00:55:10,770
the redshift of distant galaxies is

1234
00:55:10,770 --> 00:55:14,240
greater than predicted

1235
00:55:14,540 --> 00:55:17,819
this is startling not only is the

1236
00:55:17,819 --> 00:55:20,690
universe expanding it's speeding up

1237
00:55:20,690 --> 00:55:23,190
nothing in the observable cosmos could

1238
00:55:23,190 --> 00:55:25,410
account for an accelerating universe and

1239
00:55:25,410 --> 00:55:29,400
yet the data seemed irrefutable this has

1240
00:55:29,400 --> 00:55:31,170
to mean that an invisible force is

1241
00:55:31,170 --> 00:55:33,809
working against gravity cosmologists

1242
00:55:33,809 --> 00:55:38,069
have come up with a name dark energy so

1243
00:55:38,069 --> 00:55:39,960
any universe was young the universe

1244
00:55:39,960 --> 00:55:42,059
could return to its original state just

1245
00:55:42,059 --> 00:55:44,220
before the Big Bang setting the stage

1246
00:55:44,220 --> 00:55:46,680
for a perpetual seesaw of creation and

1247
00:55:46,680 --> 00:55:52,410
destruction the Big Crunch Theory moved

1248
00:55:52,410 --> 00:55:55,140
to a scientific backburner cosmologists

1249
00:55:55,140 --> 00:55:56,880
figured out that there must be some form

1250
00:55:56,880 --> 00:55:58,500
of energy that keeps the universe from

1251
00:55:58,500 --> 00:56:01,040
collapsing

1252
00:56:04,060 --> 00:56:06,730
the existence of such a force leads to

1253
00:56:06,730 --> 00:56:08,470
new theories about what the universe is

1254
00:56:08,470 --> 00:56:11,700
made of and how it might end and

1255
00:56:11,700 --> 00:56:13,930
evidence about how this might play out

1256
00:56:13,930 --> 00:56:16,120
is found in some of the most powerful

1257
00:56:16,120 --> 00:56:19,320
and mysterious phenomena in the cosmos

1258
00:56:19,320 --> 00:56:22,650
black holes

1259
00:56:38,100 --> 00:56:40,270
predicting how the universe will end

1260
00:56:40,270 --> 00:56:42,190
involve some of the most advanced

1261
00:56:42,190 --> 00:56:45,730
technology known to man on a remote

1262
00:56:45,730 --> 00:56:47,950
volcano on the island of Hawaii

1263
00:56:47,950 --> 00:56:49,990
astronomers are monitoring a battle in

1264
00:56:49,990 --> 00:56:51,640
space that is shaping the fate of the

1265
00:56:51,640 --> 00:56:55,260
universe at an elevation of nearly

1266
00:56:55,260 --> 00:56:58,240
14,000 feet the Keck telescopes bring

1267
00:56:58,240 --> 00:56:59,920
astronomers from all over the world

1268
00:56:59,920 --> 00:57:02,440
nearer to space for a clearer view of

1269
00:57:02,440 --> 00:57:07,120
the cosmos they come here because the

1270
00:57:07,120 --> 00:57:09,340
telescope's work best far away from city

1271
00:57:09,340 --> 00:57:11,470
lights and as high as possible above

1272
00:57:11,470 --> 00:57:15,850
Earth's polluted air harsh conditions

1273
00:57:15,850 --> 00:57:18,070
make it difficult to work here but for

1274
00:57:18,070 --> 00:57:19,540
scientists in pursuit of the great

1275
00:57:19,540 --> 00:57:23,560
mysteries above it's paradise so this is

1276
00:57:23,560 --> 00:57:25,570
a remarkable location but of course the

1277
00:57:25,570 --> 00:57:27,790
air is very thin is extremely hard to

1278
00:57:27,790 --> 00:57:29,530
work here but these tasks opes are

1279
00:57:29,530 --> 00:57:31,300
amazingly powerful but we're ambitious

1280
00:57:31,300 --> 00:57:33,760
astronomers we don't just start looking

1281
00:57:33,760 --> 00:57:35,980
at easy objects we try hard to look at

1282
00:57:35,980 --> 00:57:37,750
the very faintest objects so we can

1283
00:57:37,750 --> 00:57:39,160
understand the extremities of the

1284
00:57:39,160 --> 00:57:41,800
universe here astronomers like Richard

1285
00:57:41,800 --> 00:57:43,540
Ellis are working on a problem that has

1286
00:57:43,540 --> 00:57:45,520
been all-consuming for cosmologists

1287
00:57:45,520 --> 00:57:47,350
since Edwin Hubble they know the

1288
00:57:47,350 --> 00:57:49,150
universe is expanding what they don't

1289
00:57:49,150 --> 00:57:51,610
know is how fast it'll be difficult to

1290
00:57:51,610 --> 00:57:53,260
predict exactly how the universe will

1291
00:57:53,260 --> 00:57:55,660
end until they solve this mystery the

1292
00:57:55,660 --> 00:57:58,000
answers lie in the past now what we were

1293
00:57:58,000 --> 00:57:59,920
looking what I did the focus on was a V

1294
00:57:59,920 --> 00:58:02,460
equals 12

1295
00:58:02,460 --> 00:58:05,490
okay yeah I'm good a bitter focus now

1296
00:58:05,490 --> 00:58:08,700
that was worth doing an astronomer like

1297
00:58:08,700 --> 00:58:11,010
myself uses a ground-based telescope as

1298
00:58:11,010 --> 00:58:13,079
a time machine we're looking back in

1299
00:58:13,079 --> 00:58:15,180
time to study distant galaxies seen as

1300
00:58:15,180 --> 00:58:17,040
they were along long time ago one of the

1301
00:58:17,040 --> 00:58:18,839
distant galaxies that astronomers found

1302
00:58:18,839 --> 00:58:21,059
revealed a powerful source of x-rays

1303
00:58:21,059 --> 00:58:23,869
from something that they could not see

1304
00:58:23,869 --> 00:58:26,609
it was in the constellation Cygnus and

1305
00:58:26,609 --> 00:58:29,790
emitted no light but something was there

1306
00:58:29,790 --> 00:58:32,130
whatever was emitting these x-rays had a

1307
00:58:32,130 --> 00:58:34,140
mass about seven times that of Earth's

1308
00:58:34,140 --> 00:58:35,859
Sun

1309
00:58:35,859 --> 00:58:38,109
there wasn't a name for it so they

1310
00:58:38,109 --> 00:58:41,499
called it a book the gravitational pull

1311
00:58:41,499 --> 00:58:44,079
of our Sun is much weaker earth and all

1312
00:58:44,079 --> 00:58:45,819
its nearby planets are trapped by the

1313
00:58:45,819 --> 00:58:48,279
sun's pull but it's so mild that it just

1314
00:58:48,279 --> 00:58:50,079
stays in orbit without being sucked into

1315
00:58:50,079 --> 00:58:56,170
the Sun the mass of a black hole can be

1316
00:58:56,170 --> 00:58:58,630
a million times the mass of the Sun or

1317
00:58:58,630 --> 00:59:01,299
more causing a huge warp in the space

1318
00:59:01,299 --> 00:59:03,700
around it that consumes everything that

1319
00:59:03,700 --> 00:59:08,140
comes near that black hole wrapped space

1320
00:59:08,140 --> 00:59:10,900
around itself and so if material falls

1321
00:59:10,900 --> 00:59:13,749
near it it falls inside and gets trapped

1322
00:59:13,749 --> 00:59:16,450
forever black holes exist in isolated

1323
00:59:16,450 --> 00:59:18,579
areas throughout the cosmos a black

1324
00:59:18,579 --> 00:59:20,259
hole's gravitational pull is a

1325
00:59:20,259 --> 00:59:22,119
scaled-down version of the force that

1326
00:59:22,119 --> 00:59:23,369
could cause the universe to collapse

1327
00:59:23,369 --> 00:59:26,410
that force is dark matter and dark

1328
00:59:26,410 --> 00:59:28,239
matter is what scientists often call

1329
00:59:28,239 --> 00:59:35,529
cosmic glue let's do some cosmology Dark

1330
00:59:35,529 --> 00:59:38,589
Matter attracts other objects where its

1331
00:59:38,589 --> 00:59:40,509
gravitational attraction is a positive

1332
00:59:40,509 --> 00:59:43,960
force there's another force that opposes

1333
00:59:43,960 --> 00:59:47,799
gravity and that is dark energy dark

1334
00:59:47,799 --> 00:59:49,690
energy we don't really understand what

1335
00:59:49,690 --> 00:59:51,400
it is but it's a negative repulsing

1336
00:59:51,400 --> 00:59:53,259
effect that pushes galaxies away from

1337
00:59:53,259 --> 00:59:55,529
each other

1338
00:59:56,920 --> 00:59:59,080
the Whirlpool in Richard Ellis's

1339
00:59:59,080 --> 01:00:00,850
demonstration represents the

1340
01:00:00,850 --> 01:00:03,460
gravitational force of dark matter the

1341
01:00:03,460 --> 01:00:05,110
green dye coming out of the syringe

1342
01:00:05,110 --> 01:00:06,850
shows how this stuff of the universe

1343
01:00:06,850 --> 01:00:10,140
collapses under the force of dark matter

1344
01:00:10,140 --> 01:00:13,180
the presence of dark matter access the

1345
01:00:13,180 --> 01:00:15,280
focus for the gas in the universe

1346
01:00:15,280 --> 01:00:16,810
bringing structure together this is how

1347
01:00:16,810 --> 01:00:18,970
the milky way developed as the universe

1348
01:00:18,970 --> 01:00:21,550
expanded little things merging into big

1349
01:00:21,550 --> 01:00:24,490
things the positive constructive force

1350
01:00:24,490 --> 01:00:26,590
of gravity now if this was the only

1351
01:00:26,590 --> 01:00:28,660
force in the universe the universe would

1352
01:00:28,660 --> 01:00:30,190
stop expanding at some point in the

1353
01:00:30,190 --> 01:00:32,410
future and eventually the universe would

1354
01:00:32,410 --> 01:00:34,570
start collapsing gravity would

1355
01:00:34,570 --> 01:00:36,430
eventually halt the expansion bring it

1356
01:00:36,430 --> 01:00:40,660
back together in a Big Crunch yet the

1357
01:00:40,660 --> 01:00:43,210
universe continues to expand and isn't

1358
01:00:43,210 --> 01:00:45,550
showing any signs of collapsing this

1359
01:00:45,550 --> 01:00:47,380
suggests the opposing force of dark

1360
01:00:47,380 --> 01:00:49,000
energy could be stronger than dark

1361
01:00:49,000 --> 01:00:51,640
matter but it will take scientific

1362
01:00:51,640 --> 01:00:54,070
detective work to find out they look to

1363
01:00:54,070 --> 01:00:55,600
one of the most violent forces in the

1364
01:00:55,600 --> 01:00:58,000
universe for clues we're studying

1365
01:00:58,000 --> 01:01:00,460
exploding stars to try to understand if

1366
01:01:00,460 --> 01:01:01,990
they can tell us the rate at which the

1367
01:01:01,990 --> 01:01:03,940
universe is expanding these are

1368
01:01:03,940 --> 01:01:06,760
explosions at the end of our lives of

1369
01:01:06,760 --> 01:01:09,580
stars not unlike our Sun fuel that these

1370
01:01:09,580 --> 01:01:12,070
stars have in their centers is spent the

1371
01:01:12,070 --> 01:01:14,080
star collapses the outer part expands

1372
01:01:14,080 --> 01:01:16,060
and the star becomes something called a

1373
01:01:16,060 --> 01:01:17,460
white dwarf

1374
01:01:17,460 --> 01:01:19,859
white dwarf stars sometimes have other

1375
01:01:19,859 --> 01:01:23,450
stars orbiting nearby a companion star a

1376
01:01:23,450 --> 01:01:25,800
massive explosion could happen if the

1377
01:01:25,800 --> 01:01:28,260
companion stars debris falls on to the

1378
01:01:28,260 --> 01:01:30,540
white dwarf causing a spectacular

1379
01:01:30,540 --> 01:01:34,160
fireworks display in the cosmos

1380
01:01:34,339 --> 01:01:37,140
scientists consider exploding stars or

1381
01:01:37,140 --> 01:01:39,450
supernovae like in these levels apart

1382
01:01:39,450 --> 01:01:41,609
atoms and reduces everything to

1383
01:01:41,609 --> 01:01:43,109
fundamental particles and that's the end

1384
01:01:43,109 --> 01:01:45,440
of the universe

1385
01:01:46,010 --> 01:01:49,230
the battle between dark matter the force

1386
01:01:49,230 --> 01:01:50,940
that holds the universe together and

1387
01:01:50,940 --> 01:01:53,670
dark energy the force seeking to tear it

1388
01:01:53,670 --> 01:01:56,160
apart has set the universe on a path of

1389
01:01:56,160 --> 01:01:58,160
destruction

1390
01:01:58,160 --> 01:02:00,619
if dark matter is the victor the

1391
01:02:00,619 --> 01:02:02,839
universe might collapse if dark energy

1392
01:02:02,839 --> 01:02:06,109
rules the cosmos it could rip to shreds

1393
01:02:06,109 --> 01:02:09,079
the expansion grows so strong that tears

1394
01:02:09,079 --> 01:02:11,960
up the entire universe it'll be a

1395
01:02:11,960 --> 01:02:15,049
strange twist of fate dark energy the

1396
01:02:15,049 --> 01:02:16,849
force that propelled mattered to form a

1397
01:02:16,849 --> 01:02:19,400
magnificent universe continues to push

1398
01:02:19,400 --> 01:02:23,680
it outward and drives it to its demise

1399
01:02:25,299 --> 01:02:28,250
to find out if dark energy is in fact

1400
01:02:28,250 --> 01:02:30,500
winning the battle scientists will first

1401
01:02:30,500 --> 01:02:32,450
need to know how fast the universe is

1402
01:02:32,450 --> 01:02:37,670
actually expanding the most remarkable

1403
01:02:37,670 --> 01:02:39,259
feature the universe is that it's

1404
01:02:39,259 --> 01:02:42,259
expanding every galaxy is moving away

1405
01:02:42,259 --> 01:02:44,329
from every other galaxy when you look

1406
01:02:44,329 --> 01:02:46,160
out into the night sky you see distant

1407
01:02:46,160 --> 01:02:49,069
stars galaxies clusters of galaxies they

1408
01:02:49,069 --> 01:02:50,150
observe with telescopes

1409
01:02:50,150 --> 01:02:52,579
and they're all moving away from us we

1410
01:02:52,579 --> 01:02:54,920
can illustrate that with this balloon as

1411
01:02:54,920 --> 01:02:59,480
we expand it we see that every dot drawn

1412
01:02:59,480 --> 01:03:02,150
on this black balloon like the night sky

1413
01:03:02,150 --> 01:03:05,559
is moving away from every other dot

1414
01:03:13,670 --> 01:03:15,599
but there's something else that we know

1415
01:03:15,599 --> 01:03:16,859
about the universe something else that

1416
01:03:16,859 --> 01:03:18,660
we know about the expansion that is that

1417
01:03:18,660 --> 01:03:20,430
the expansion is getting faster the

1418
01:03:20,430 --> 01:03:22,680
universe is accelerating the size of the

1419
01:03:22,680 --> 01:03:24,960
universe is getting bigger at a faster

1420
01:03:24,960 --> 01:03:27,329
and faster rate we don't know exactly

1421
01:03:27,329 --> 01:03:29,819
how fast it's accelerating but if it's

1422
01:03:29,819 --> 01:03:31,920
accelerating fast enough then something

1423
01:03:31,920 --> 01:03:33,299
really dramatic could happen the

1424
01:03:33,299 --> 01:03:34,680
universe could end up tearing itself

1425
01:03:34,680 --> 01:03:37,490
apart in a bigger

1426
01:03:40,839 --> 01:03:43,039
this is perfect this is great that you

1427
01:03:43,039 --> 01:03:45,229
rigged this up so this is this is a

1428
01:03:45,229 --> 01:03:46,880
giant version of the demo that I do in

1429
01:03:46,880 --> 01:03:49,759
class dr. Robert Caldwell attempts an

1430
01:03:49,759 --> 01:03:51,859
Earthbound experiment to show how dark

1431
01:03:51,859 --> 01:03:53,660
energy affects the acceleration of the

1432
01:03:53,660 --> 01:03:56,660
universe he uses a paintball gun mounted

1433
01:03:56,660 --> 01:03:58,789
on a truck yeah and basically I mean we

1434
01:03:58,789 --> 01:04:00,529
could adjust the angle in any way that

1435
01:04:00,529 --> 01:04:01,519
you want it what do you think yeah I

1436
01:04:01,519 --> 01:04:04,849
think down a bit more I saw is the best

1437
01:04:04,849 --> 01:04:10,339
so we can mark he sends the truck

1438
01:04:10,339 --> 01:04:13,489
coasting down an incline Earth's gravity

1439
01:04:13,489 --> 01:04:15,439
pulls the vehicle downhill which is

1440
01:04:15,439 --> 01:04:17,269
similar to how dark energy propels the

1441
01:04:17,269 --> 01:04:20,049
universe outward causing it to expand

1442
01:04:20,049 --> 01:04:22,489
gravity pulls the truck forward at an

1443
01:04:22,489 --> 01:04:25,939
increasing speed the gun fires painted

1444
01:04:25,939 --> 01:04:27,469
the ground at regular one-second

1445
01:04:27,469 --> 01:04:29,900
intervals Caldwell measures the distance

1446
01:04:29,900 --> 01:04:32,059
between the paint dots to calculate just

1447
01:04:32,059 --> 01:04:33,709
how fast the truck was accelerating

1448
01:04:33,709 --> 01:04:36,380
he'll use the data from this experiment

1449
01:04:36,380 --> 01:04:38,689
to see how gravity's force compares to

1450
01:04:38,689 --> 01:04:40,430
darken basically the black hole tracked

1451
01:04:40,430 --> 01:04:43,640
it into an orbit around itself and that

1452
01:04:43,640 --> 01:04:46,640
orbit becomes very circular as it gets

1453
01:04:46,640 --> 01:04:48,670
closer and now the penny will eventually

1454
01:04:48,670 --> 01:04:51,499
disappear go inside a black hole

1455
01:04:51,499 --> 01:04:54,499
Earth's Sun warps space similarly to a

1456
01:04:54,499 --> 01:04:57,140
black hole only it's a cosmic wimp by

1457
01:04:57,140 --> 01:05:00,739
comparison the gravitational pull of our

1458
01:05:00,739 --> 01:05:03,140
Sun is much weaker earth and all its

1459
01:05:03,140 --> 01:05:05,150
nearby planets are trapped by the sun's

1460
01:05:05,150 --> 01:05:07,489
pull but it's so mild that it just stays

1461
01:05:07,489 --> 01:05:09,289
in orbit without being sucked into the

1462
01:05:09,289 --> 01:05:11,529
Sun

1463
01:05:12,400 --> 01:05:15,230
the mass of a black hole can be a

1464
01:05:15,230 --> 01:05:17,600
million times the mass of the Sun or

1465
01:05:17,600 --> 01:05:20,300
more causing a huge warp in the space

1466
01:05:20,300 --> 01:05:22,700
around it that consumes everything that

1467
01:05:22,700 --> 01:05:27,140
comes near that black hole wrapped space

1468
01:05:27,140 --> 01:05:29,930
around itself and so if material falls

1469
01:05:29,930 --> 01:05:32,690
near it it falls inside and gets trapped

1470
01:05:32,690 --> 01:05:35,480
forever black holes exist in isolated

1471
01:05:35,480 --> 01:05:36,980
areas throughout the cosmos

1472
01:05:36,980 --> 01:05:39,290
a black hole's gravitational pull is a

1473
01:05:39,290 --> 01:05:41,120
scaled-down version of the force that

1474
01:05:41,120 --> 01:05:42,440
could cause the universe to collapse

1475
01:05:42,440 --> 01:05:45,140
that force is dark matter and dark

1476
01:05:45,140 --> 01:05:47,270
matter is what scientists often call

1477
01:05:47,270 --> 01:05:53,560
cosmic glue yeah let's do some cosmology

1478
01:05:53,560 --> 01:05:57,440
Dark Matter attracts other objects where

1479
01:05:57,440 --> 01:05:59,030
its gravitational attraction is a

1480
01:05:59,030 --> 01:06:02,510
positive force there's another force

1481
01:06:02,510 --> 01:06:05,090
that opposes gravity and that is dark

1482
01:06:05,090 --> 01:06:08,060
energy dark energy we don't really

1483
01:06:08,060 --> 01:06:09,410
understand what it is but it's a

1484
01:06:09,410 --> 01:06:11,330
negative repulsing effect that pushes

1485
01:06:11,330 --> 01:06:14,560
galaxies away from each other

1486
01:06:15,960 --> 01:06:18,120
the Whirlpool in Richard Ellis's

1487
01:06:18,120 --> 01:06:19,860
demonstration represents the

1488
01:06:19,860 --> 01:06:22,500
gravitational force of dark matter the

1489
01:06:22,500 --> 01:06:24,120
green dye coming out of the syringe

1490
01:06:24,120 --> 01:06:25,890
shows how this stuff of the universe

1491
01:06:25,890 --> 01:06:29,180
collapses under the force of dark matter

1492
01:06:29,180 --> 01:06:32,220
the presence of dark matter access the

1493
01:06:32,220 --> 01:06:34,290
focus for the gas in the universe

1494
01:06:34,290 --> 01:06:35,820
bringing structure together this is how

1495
01:06:35,820 --> 01:06:37,980
the milky way developed as the universe

1496
01:06:37,980 --> 01:06:40,560
expanded little things merging into big

1497
01:06:40,560 --> 01:06:43,500
things the positive constructive force

1498
01:06:43,500 --> 01:06:45,750
of gravity now if this was the only

1499
01:06:45,750 --> 01:06:47,670
force in the universe the universe would

1500
01:06:47,670 --> 01:06:49,200
stop expanding at some point in the

1501
01:06:49,200 --> 01:06:51,420
future and eventually the universe would

1502
01:06:51,420 --> 01:06:53,610
start collapsing gravity would

1503
01:06:53,610 --> 01:06:55,470
eventually halt the expansion bring it

1504
01:06:55,470 --> 01:06:59,700
back together in a Big Crunch yet the

1505
01:06:59,700 --> 01:07:02,010
univer from now the universe might tear

1506
01:07:02,010 --> 01:07:04,550
itself apart

1507
01:07:10,090 --> 01:07:13,240
while the distant stars galaxies would

1508
01:07:13,240 --> 01:07:14,830
be pulled away from from each other

1509
01:07:14,830 --> 01:07:18,040
they'll be pulled away from us but

1510
01:07:18,040 --> 01:07:19,990
moreover we won't have time to grow cold

1511
01:07:19,990 --> 01:07:21,730
and lonely it'll actually be pretty

1512
01:07:21,730 --> 01:07:24,850
exciting dramatic environment

1513
01:07:24,850 --> 01:07:26,770
stars are ripped apart planets are

1514
01:07:26,770 --> 01:07:28,990
ripped apart even atoms are are torn

1515
01:07:28,990 --> 01:07:34,570
apart with reading / sounds wouldn't

1516
01:07:34,570 --> 01:07:36,670
happen for at least 50 billion years but

1517
01:07:36,670 --> 01:07:37,930
still it's an interesting fate for the

1518
01:07:37,930 --> 01:07:40,260
universe

1519
01:07:41,700 --> 01:07:44,730
what would atoms ripping apart look like

1520
01:07:44,730 --> 01:07:48,220
things like coffee cups are solid atoms

1521
01:07:48,220 --> 01:07:49,750
joined together to create something that

1522
01:07:49,750 --> 01:07:51,670
will hold a cappuccino without leaking a

1523
01:07:51,670 --> 01:07:53,430
single drop

1524
01:07:53,430 --> 01:07:56,290
zoom in through the cup like sailing

1525
01:07:56,290 --> 01:07:58,840
through the cosmos past the molecules

1526
01:07:58,840 --> 01:08:01,870
and into the atoms the solid cup is

1527
01:08:01,870 --> 01:08:03,760
nothing more than a fabric of atomic

1528
01:08:03,760 --> 01:08:05,920
particles that formed a bond to become

1529
01:08:05,920 --> 01:08:08,160
matter

1530
01:08:08,880 --> 01:08:11,560
if these particles were to move apart

1531
01:08:11,560 --> 01:08:13,270
the bonds that hold this cup together

1532
01:08:13,270 --> 01:08:16,060
stop working the atoms no longer support

1533
01:08:16,060 --> 01:08:18,189
molecules the connections between the

1534
01:08:18,189 --> 01:08:20,830
minuscule particles dissolve matter in

1535
01:08:20,830 --> 01:08:23,469
the form of this Cup ceases to exist it

1536
01:08:23,469 --> 01:08:26,710
disintegrates gone from existence this

1537
01:08:26,710 --> 01:08:28,988
is the dramatic end that Robert Caldwell

1538
01:08:28,988 --> 01:08:32,140
foresees for the universe what you would

1539
01:08:32,140 --> 01:08:33,850
see if you were standing on earth or

1540
01:08:33,850 --> 01:08:35,109
standing on some other planet that

1541
01:08:35,109 --> 01:08:36,910
happened to still be around at that time

1542
01:08:36,910 --> 01:08:39,100
you would see something that looks like

1543
01:08:39,100 --> 01:08:41,080
a wall of darkness approaching you and

1544
01:08:41,080 --> 01:08:43,750
as the wall of darkness approaches stars

1545
01:08:43,750 --> 01:08:46,060
would go out galaxies would go out and

1546
01:08:46,060 --> 01:08:47,770
eventually that wall of darkness would

1547
01:08:47,770 --> 01:08:50,170
surround the planet and then pretty soon

1548
01:08:50,170 --> 01:08:52,589
atoms themselves are torn apart and

1549
01:08:52,589 --> 01:08:54,910
that's it just the wall of darkness

1550
01:08:54,910 --> 01:08:56,290
shrinks down to a point and that's the

1551
01:08:56,290 --> 01:09:00,520
end of the universe according to Robert

1552
01:09:00,520 --> 01:09:02,680
Caldwell that moment is still billions

1553
01:09:02,680 --> 01:09:05,049
of years off leaving plenty of time to

1554
01:09:05,049 --> 01:09:07,040
refine the research

1555
01:09:07,040 --> 01:09:08,839
no way this is like a detective story

1556
01:09:08,839 --> 01:09:11,299
we're trying to figure out what is the

1557
01:09:11,299 --> 01:09:12,260
culprit or who is the culprit

1558
01:09:12,260 --> 01:09:14,000
responsible for the cosmic acceleration

1559
01:09:14,000 --> 01:09:16,160
we think we know its name we call it

1560
01:09:16,160 --> 01:09:18,830
dark energy but we don't know the modus

1561
01:09:18,830 --> 01:09:20,479
operandi we don't know exactly how it

1562
01:09:20,479 --> 01:09:22,430
works what's needed is more information

1563
01:09:22,430 --> 01:09:24,740
more information about the physics

1564
01:09:24,740 --> 01:09:26,750
behind the dark energy we want to know

1565
01:09:26,750 --> 01:09:28,850
exactly what it does and exactly what

1566
01:09:28,850 --> 01:09:30,979
it's made out of and then answering

1567
01:09:30,979 --> 01:09:32,630
those questions we'll be able to figure

1568
01:09:32,630 --> 01:09:34,729
out exactly what is the fate of the

1569
01:09:34,729 --> 01:09:40,010
universe the big riff is one theory

1570
01:09:40,010 --> 01:09:42,290
cruising just above Earth's atmosphere

1571
01:09:42,290 --> 01:09:44,420
and peering deep into space the Hubble

1572
01:09:44,420 --> 01:09:46,370
telescope provides scientists with clues

1573
01:09:46,370 --> 01:09:48,260
to a less violent but equally

1574
01:09:48,260 --> 01:09:52,390
unavoidable end of the universe

1575
01:09:59,559 --> 01:10:03,369
speed essentially they are white dwarfs

1576
01:10:03,369 --> 01:10:05,289
stars that become nuclear bombs they

1577
01:10:05,289 --> 01:10:08,020
explode with a certain brightness and a

1578
01:10:08,020 --> 01:10:09,550
certain length of time it takes a

1579
01:10:09,550 --> 01:10:10,539
certain amount of time for that

1580
01:10:10,539 --> 01:10:12,070
brightness to dissipate they are

1581
01:10:12,070 --> 01:10:14,110
essentially standard candles any one of

1582
01:10:14,110 --> 01:10:16,420
these will look the same no matter where

1583
01:10:16,420 --> 01:10:20,500
it is in the universe astronomers

1584
01:10:20,500 --> 01:10:22,750
measure the distance and speed of these

1585
01:10:22,750 --> 01:10:25,000
exploding stars by measuring the amount

1586
01:10:25,000 --> 01:10:28,690
of red light they emit the faster the

1587
01:10:28,690 --> 01:10:30,789
star moves away from us the redder its

1588
01:10:30,789 --> 01:10:33,639
light appears the expansion rate of

1589
01:10:33,639 --> 01:10:35,409
galaxies containing stars like

1590
01:10:35,409 --> 01:10:37,900
supernovae can then be used to interpret

1591
01:10:37,900 --> 01:10:40,179
how the rest of the universe is moving

1592
01:10:40,179 --> 01:10:42,579
outward we know this because we can

1593
01:10:42,579 --> 01:10:45,550
compare the velocities of galaxies with

1594
01:10:45,550 --> 01:10:49,659
their distances these are the clues that

1595
01:10:49,659 --> 01:10:51,940
lead astronomers to answer just how soon

1596
01:10:51,940 --> 01:10:53,980
the universe will reverse direction and

1597
01:10:53,980 --> 01:10:56,559
come back together in a Big Crunch or

1598
01:10:56,559 --> 01:10:58,719
this information might lead to an

1599
01:10:58,719 --> 01:11:01,630
entirely different conclusion

1600
01:11:01,630 --> 01:11:04,010
dr. Ellis is looking at clues at the

1601
01:11:04,010 --> 01:11:09,500
Keck Observatory in Hawaii while the

1602
01:11:09,500 --> 01:11:11,000
telescope is on the top of a huge

1603
01:11:11,000 --> 01:11:13,280
volcano he's in a viewing room on

1604
01:11:13,280 --> 01:11:14,420
another part of the island

1605
01:11:14,420 --> 01:11:18,170
hey mission lines you're on in the red

1606
01:11:18,170 --> 01:11:21,020
in the red side at the same time Johan

1607
01:11:21,020 --> 01:11:23,000
Ruhe Shar is at the California Institute

1608
01:11:23,000 --> 01:11:25,449
of Technology in Pasadena California

1609
01:11:25,449 --> 01:11:27,469
evaluating the light from a distant

1610
01:11:27,469 --> 01:11:29,389
galaxy that the Keck telescope captured

1611
01:11:29,389 --> 01:11:33,829
in Hawaii he's looking to see if any of

1612
01:11:33,829 --> 01:11:35,239
the known elements coming from the

1613
01:11:35,239 --> 01:11:37,460
galaxies are in the red spectrum and

1614
01:11:37,460 --> 01:11:40,270
moving farther away

1615
01:11:41,430 --> 01:11:44,980
we can interpret that as a velocity as

1616
01:11:44,980 --> 01:11:48,040
how much of galaxies moving away from us

1617
01:11:48,040 --> 01:11:51,250
we can really interpret how the entire

1618
01:11:51,250 --> 01:11:55,800
universe is behaving if expanding

1619
01:11:55,800 --> 01:11:58,510
interpreting redshift is the cornerstone

1620
01:11:58,510 --> 01:12:00,550
of the quest to pin down the fate of the

1621
01:12:00,550 --> 01:12:05,800
universe clearer pictures of the

1622
01:12:05,800 --> 01:12:07,510
universe that have only been possible in

1623
01:12:07,510 --> 01:12:10,000
recent years have led cosmologists to

1624
01:12:10,000 --> 01:12:12,040
conclude that the redshift of distant

1625
01:12:12,040 --> 01:12:16,260
galaxies is greater than predicted

1626
01:12:16,540 --> 01:12:19,820
this is startling not only is the

1627
01:12:19,820 --> 01:12:22,690
universe expanding it's speeding up

1628
01:12:22,690 --> 01:12:25,190
nothing in the observable cosmos could

1629
01:12:25,190 --> 01:12:27,410
account for an accelerating universe and

1630
01:12:27,410 --> 01:12:31,400
yet the data seemed irrefutable this has

1631
01:12:31,400 --> 01:12:33,170
to mean that an invisible force is

1632
01:12:33,170 --> 01:12:35,810
working against gravity cosmologists

1633
01:12:35,810 --> 01:12:40,070
have come up with a name dark energy so

1634
01:12:40,070 --> 01:12:41,600
when the universe was young gravity was

1635
01:12:41,600 --> 01:12:43,310
the most dominant force and so what we

1636
01:12:43,310 --> 01:12:46,160
see here is galaxies as particles on the

1637
01:12:46,160 --> 01:12:47,840
surface of the water now bound together

1638
01:12:47,840 --> 01:12:49,970
by gravity and the point about seven

1639
01:12:49,970 --> 01:12:51,440
billion years ago dark energy and

1640
01:12:51,440 --> 01:12:54,290
gravity are pretty well in balance but

1641
01:12:54,290 --> 01:12:55,760
the universe continues to expand the

1642
01:12:55,760 --> 01:12:58,010
density goes down and so dark energy

1643
01:12:58,010 --> 01:13:01,580
starts to take over along Robert

1644
01:13:01,580 --> 01:13:04,100
Caldwell's calculation shows that forces

1645
01:13:04,100 --> 01:13:05,960
on earth are similar to forces in space

1646
01:13:05,960 --> 01:13:08,990
this demonstration then gives a sense of

1647
01:13:08,990 --> 01:13:10,550
the dramatic rate of expansion that

1648
01:13:10,550 --> 01:13:13,670
appears to be happening in a cosmos by

1649
01:13:13,670 --> 01:13:16,400
eye it might be difficult to appreciate

1650
01:13:16,400 --> 01:13:18,740
how good a fit it is but I can tell you

1651
01:13:18,740 --> 01:13:20,300
that the weight of the statistics

1652
01:13:20,300 --> 01:13:22,640
indicates that an accelerating universe

1653
01:13:22,640 --> 01:13:28,340
is a very good fit to this data if like

1654
01:13:28,340 --> 01:13:30,680
the truck the universe is continually

1655
01:13:30,680 --> 01:13:33,140
accelerating then billions of years from

1656
01:13:33,140 --> 01:13:37,570
now the universe might tear itself apart

1657
01:13:42,950 --> 01:13:46,230
while the distant stars galaxies would

1658
01:13:46,230 --> 01:13:47,820
be pulled away from from each other

1659
01:13:47,820 --> 01:13:51,270
they'll be put away from us but moreover

1660
01:13:51,270 --> 01:13:53,190
we won't have time to grow cold and

1661
01:13:53,190 --> 01:13:55,170
lonely it'll actually be pretty exciting

1662
01:13:55,170 --> 01:13:58,950
and dramatic environment stars are

1663
01:13:58,950 --> 01:13:59,970
ripped apart planets are ripped apart

1664
01:13:59,970 --> 01:14:02,640
even atoms are our torn apart before the

1665
01:14:02,640 --> 01:14:08,160
over sounds wouldn't happen for at least

1666
01:14:08,160 --> 01:14:10,140
fifty billion years but still it's an

1667
01:14:10,140 --> 01:14:13,250
interesting fate for the universe

1668
01:14:14,720 --> 01:14:17,660
what would Adam zipping apart look like

1669
01:14:17,660 --> 01:14:21,210
things like coffee cups are solid atoms

1670
01:14:21,210 --> 01:14:22,770
joined together to create something that

1671
01:14:22,770 --> 01:14:24,660
will hold a cappuccino without leaking a

1672
01:14:24,660 --> 01:14:26,420
single drop

1673
01:14:26,420 --> 01:14:29,310
zoom in through the cup like sailing

1674
01:14:29,310 --> 01:14:31,830
through the cosmos past the molecules

1675
01:14:31,830 --> 01:14:34,860
and into the atoms the solid cup is

1676
01:14:34,860 --> 01:14:36,750
nothing more than a fabric of atomic

1677
01:14:36,750 --> 01:14:38,940
particles that formed a bond to become

1678
01:14:38,940 --> 01:14:41,180
matter

1679
01:14:42,739 --> 01:14:44,540
if these particles were to move apart

1680
01:14:44,540 --> 01:14:46,280
the bonds that hold this cup together

1681
01:14:46,280 --> 01:14:49,070
stop working the atoms no longer support

1682
01:14:49,070 --> 01:14:51,170
molecules the connections between the

1683
01:14:51,170 --> 01:14:53,840
minuscule particles dissolve matter in

1684
01:14:53,840 --> 01:14:56,480
the form of this Cup ceases to exist it

1685
01:14:56,480 --> 01:14:59,719
disintegrates gone from existence this

1686
01:14:59,719 --> 01:15:02,000
is the dramatic end that Robert Caldwell

1687
01:15:02,000 --> 01:15:05,120
foresees for the universe what you would

1688
01:15:05,120 --> 01:15:06,830
see if you were standing on earth or

1689
01:15:06,830 --> 01:15:08,120
standing on some other planet that

1690
01:15:08,120 --> 01:15:09,920
happened to still be around at that time

1691
01:15:09,920 --> 01:15:12,080
you would see something that looks like

1692
01:15:12,080 --> 01:15:14,090
a wall of darkness approaching you and

1693
01:15:14,090 --> 01:15:16,730
as the wall of darkness approaches stars

1694
01:15:16,730 --> 01:15:19,070
would go out galaxies would go out and

1695
01:15:19,070 --> 01:15:20,750
eventually that wall of darkness would

1696
01:15:20,750 --> 01:15:23,180
surround the planet and then pretty soon

1697
01:15:23,180 --> 01:15:25,570
atoms themselves are torn apart and

1698
01:15:25,570 --> 01:15:27,890
that's it just the wall of darkness

1699
01:15:27,890 --> 01:15:29,480
shrinks down to a point and that's the

1700
01:15:29,480 --> 01:15:33,530
end of the universe according to Robert

1701
01:15:33,530 --> 01:15:35,870
Caldwell that moment is still billions

1702
01:15:35,870 --> 01:15:38,060
of years off leaving plenty of time to

1703
01:15:38,060 --> 01:15:40,139
refine the research

1704
01:15:40,139 --> 01:15:41,760
in a way this is like a detective story

1705
01:15:41,760 --> 01:15:44,310
we're trying to figure out what is the

1706
01:15:44,310 --> 01:15:45,270
culprit or who is the culprit

1707
01:15:45,270 --> 01:15:46,980
responsible for the cosmic acceleration

1708
01:15:46,980 --> 01:15:49,170
we think we know its name we call it

1709
01:15:49,170 --> 01:15:51,840
dark energy but we don't know the modus

1710
01:15:51,840 --> 01:15:53,460
operandi we don't know exactly how it

1711
01:15:53,460 --> 01:15:55,710
works what's needed is more information

1712
01:15:55,710 --> 01:15:57,750
more information about the physics

1713
01:15:57,750 --> 01:16:00,650
behind the dark energy we want to know

1714
01:16:00,650 --> 01:16:03,659
clearer images from space make it easier

1715
01:16:03,659 --> 01:16:07,560
to estimate the rate of expansion if the

1716
01:16:07,560 --> 01:16:09,270
universe continues to expand with time

1717
01:16:09,270 --> 01:16:11,280
then ultimately all of the energy

1718
01:16:11,280 --> 01:16:13,170
sources the nuclear furnaces and stars

1719
01:16:13,170 --> 01:16:14,730
would run out and die and the universe

1720
01:16:14,730 --> 01:16:16,560
would actually get very cold and there'd

1721
01:16:16,560 --> 01:16:19,440
be something called a Big Chill in the

1722
01:16:19,440 --> 01:16:21,929
Big Chill scenario earth could become a

1723
01:16:21,929 --> 01:16:24,270
lonely cold planet as the universe

1724
01:16:24,270 --> 01:16:27,570
expands distances between stars grow so

1725
01:16:27,570 --> 01:16:29,580
vast that they nearly disappear from

1726
01:16:29,580 --> 01:16:32,880
view over time they burn out and

1727
01:16:32,880 --> 01:16:36,060
eventually the entire universe ends in a

1728
01:16:36,060 --> 01:16:40,139
frozen state this fear demonstrates the

1729
01:16:40,139 --> 01:16:42,780
principles behind a Big Chill the

1730
01:16:42,780 --> 01:16:44,460
marbles coming out of the sphere are

1731
01:16:44,460 --> 01:16:46,320
like stars that were formed following

1732
01:16:46,320 --> 01:16:49,619
the Big Bang dark energy propels the

1733
01:16:49,619 --> 01:16:52,110
Stars outward Dark Matter slows them

1734
01:16:52,110 --> 01:16:56,010
down in a Big Chill the expansion would

1735
01:16:56,010 --> 01:16:58,139
continue but the nuclear fuel that

1736
01:16:58,139 --> 01:17:00,030
causes the stars to burn will eventually

1737
01:17:00,030 --> 01:17:02,360
run out

1738
01:17:03,719 --> 01:17:06,880
from Earth's perspective the first thing

1739
01:17:06,880 --> 01:17:09,880
to go would be sunlight the Sun dims as

1740
01:17:09,880 --> 01:17:12,580
it exhaust its last bits of nuclear fuel

1741
01:17:12,580 --> 01:17:17,370
earth would freeze and become lifeless

1742
01:17:18,210 --> 01:17:22,150
and billions of years after humans are

1743
01:17:22,150 --> 01:17:27,030
gone the cosmos expands out of view a

1744
01:17:27,030 --> 01:17:30,130
few newer stars might remain but most

1745
01:17:30,130 --> 01:17:36,340
would have long moved away the furnace

1746
01:17:36,340 --> 01:17:38,230
powering the universe burns out the

1747
01:17:38,230 --> 01:17:41,139
darkened universe continues to expand a

1748
01:17:41,139 --> 01:17:43,929
frozen and lifeless remnant of its once

1749
01:17:43,929 --> 01:17:52,150
vibrant existence eventually if this

1750
01:17:52,150 --> 01:17:54,550
keeps going if nothing changes in the in

1751
01:17:54,550 --> 01:17:56,290
the composition of this energy density

1752
01:17:56,290 --> 01:17:57,880
the universe will continue to expand

1753
01:17:57,880 --> 01:17:59,469
forever it's going to get colder and

1754
01:17:59,469 --> 01:18:01,929
colder and eventually even the gower

1755
01:18:01,929 --> 01:18:03,520
neighboring galaxies will be receding

1756
01:18:03,520 --> 01:18:05,170
from us so fast that we won't be able to

1757
01:18:05,170 --> 01:18:06,969
see them so the universe is going to get

1758
01:18:06,969 --> 01:18:09,460
cold and dark and and it will be a very

1759
01:18:09,460 --> 01:18:11,940
lonely place

1760
01:18:13,110 --> 01:18:15,190
astronomers have much to learn about the

1761
01:18:15,190 --> 01:18:17,199
influence of dark energy and dark matter

1762
01:18:17,199 --> 01:18:19,480
and much of the newest information is

1763
01:18:19,480 --> 01:18:21,239
coming from this probe in deep space

1764
01:18:21,239 --> 01:18:23,739
it's sending back information that's

1765
01:18:23,739 --> 01:18:25,300
helping scientists to interpret the

1766
01:18:25,300 --> 01:18:29,880
history and the fate of the universe

1767
01:18:45,550 --> 01:18:49,010
the night sky by all appearance is a

1768
01:18:49,010 --> 01:18:51,650
quiet and peaceful place but in reality

1769
01:18:51,650 --> 01:18:54,050
there are forces that are driving it to

1770
01:18:54,050 --> 01:18:56,320
an end

1771
01:18:57,720 --> 01:19:00,430
big science moves astronomer at a mass

1772
01:19:00,430 --> 01:19:03,770
about seven times that of Earth's Sun

1773
01:19:03,770 --> 01:19:06,080
there wasn't a name for it so they

1774
01:19:06,080 --> 01:19:09,470
called it a book the gravitational pull

1775
01:19:09,470 --> 01:19:12,080
of our Sun is much weaker earth and all

1776
01:19:12,080 --> 01:19:13,790
its nearby planets are trapped by the

1777
01:19:13,790 --> 01:19:16,250
sun's pull but it's so mild that it just

1778
01:19:16,250 --> 01:19:18,080
stays in orbit without being sucked into

1779
01:19:18,080 --> 01:19:24,140
the Sun the mass of a black hole can be

1780
01:19:24,140 --> 01:19:26,300
a million times the mass of the Sun or

1781
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:29,270
more causing a huge warp in the space

1782
01:19:29,270 --> 01:19:31,670
around it that consumes everything that

1783
01:19:31,670 --> 01:19:36,110
comes near that black hole wrapped space

1784
01:19:36,110 --> 01:19:38,900
around itself and so if material falls

1785
01:19:38,900 --> 01:19:41,750
near it it falls inside and gets trapped

1786
01:19:41,750 --> 01:19:44,450
forever black holes exist in isolated

1787
01:19:44,450 --> 01:19:46,580
areas throughout the cosmos a black

1788
01:19:46,580 --> 01:19:48,260
hole's gravitational pull is a

1789
01:19:48,260 --> 01:19:50,090
scaled-down version of the force that

1790
01:19:50,090 --> 01:19:51,370
could cause the universe to collapse

1791
01:19:51,370 --> 01:19:54,080
that force is dark matter and dark

1792
01:19:54,080 --> 01:19:56,240
matter is what scientists often call

1793
01:19:56,240 --> 01:20:01,340
cosmic glue yeah let's do some cosmology

1794
01:20:01,340 --> 01:20:06,140
here dark matter attracts other objects

1795
01:20:06,140 --> 01:20:08,000
where its gravitational attraction is a

1796
01:20:08,000 --> 01:20:11,480
positive force there's another force

1797
01:20:11,480 --> 01:20:14,060
that opposes gravity and that is dark

1798
01:20:14,060 --> 01:20:17,030
energy dark energy we don't really

1799
01:20:17,030 --> 01:20:18,350
understand what it is but it's a

1800
01:20:18,350 --> 01:20:20,300
negative repulsing effect that pushes

1801
01:20:20,300 --> 01:20:23,530
galaxies away from each other

1802
01:20:24,909 --> 01:20:27,070
the Whirlpool in Richard Ellis's

1803
01:20:27,070 --> 01:20:28,840
demonstration represents the

1804
01:20:28,840 --> 01:20:31,449
gravitational force of dark matter the

1805
01:20:31,449 --> 01:20:33,100
green dye coming out of the syringe

1806
01:20:33,100 --> 01:20:34,840
shows how this stuff of the universe

1807
01:20:34,840 --> 01:20:38,130
collapses under the force of dark matter

1808
01:20:38,130 --> 01:20:41,170
the presence of dark matter acts as the

1809
01:20:41,170 --> 01:20:43,270
focus for the gas in the universe

1810
01:20:43,270 --> 01:20:44,920
bringing structure together this is how

1811
01:20:44,920 --> 01:20:46,960
the milky way developed as the universe

1812
01:20:46,960 --> 01:20:49,540
expanded little things merging into big

1813
01:20:49,540 --> 01:20:52,480
things the positive constructive force

1814
01:20:52,480 --> 01:20:54,580
of gravity now if this was the only

1815
01:20:54,580 --> 01:20:56,620
force in the universe the universe would

1816
01:20:56,620 --> 01:20:58,179
stop expanding at some point in the

1817
01:20:58,179 --> 01:21:00,400
future and eventually the universe would

1818
01:21:00,400 --> 01:21:02,560
start collapsing gravity would

1819
01:21:02,560 --> 01:21:04,420
eventually halt the expansion bring it

1820
01:21:04,420 --> 01:21:08,650
back together in a Big Crunch yet the

1821
01:21:08,650 --> 01:21:11,199
universe continues to expand and isn't

1822
01:21:11,199 --> 01:21:13,570
showing any signs of collapsing this

1823
01:21:13,570 --> 01:21:15,370
suggests the opposing force of dark

1824
01:21:15,370 --> 01:21:16,989
energy could be stronger than dark

1825
01:21:16,989 --> 01:21:19,630
matter but it will take scientific

1826
01:21:19,630 --> 01:21:22,060
detective work to find out they look to

1827
01:21:22,060 --> 01:21:23,590
one of the most violent forces in the

1828
01:21:23,590 --> 01:21:25,989
universe for clues we're studying

1829
01:21:25,989 --> 01:21:28,420
exploding stars to try to understand if

1830
01:21:28,420 --> 01:21:29,980
they can tell us the rate at which the

1831
01:21:29,980 --> 01:21:31,900
universe is expanding these are

1832
01:21:31,900 --> 01:21:35,050
explosions at the end of lives of stars

1833
01:21:35,050 --> 01:21:37,810
not unlike our Sun fuel that these stars

1834
01:21:37,810 --> 01:21:40,300
have in their centers is spent the star

1835
01:21:40,300 --> 01:21:42,730
collapses the outer part expands and the

1836
01:21:42,730 --> 01:21:44,350
star becomes something called a white

1837
01:21:44,350 --> 01:21:45,450
dwarf

1838
01:21:45,450 --> 01:21:47,850
white dwarf stars sometimes have other

1839
01:21:47,850 --> 01:21:51,440
stars orbiting nearby a companion star a

1840
01:21:51,440 --> 01:21:53,790
massive explosion could happen if the

1841
01:21:53,790 --> 01:21:56,250
companion stars debris falls on to the

1842
01:21:56,250 --> 01:21:58,530
white dwarf causing a spectacular

1843
01:21:58,530 --> 01:22:00,090
fireworks display in the cosmos

1844
01:22:00,090 --> 01:22:02,850
themselves are torn apart and that's it

1845
01:22:02,850 --> 01:22:04,470
just the wall of darkness shrinks down

1846
01:22:04,470 --> 01:22:05,820
to a point and that's the end of the

1847
01:22:05,820 --> 01:22:08,000
universe

1848
01:22:08,060 --> 01:22:10,950
according to Robert Caldwell that moment

1849
01:22:10,950 --> 01:22:13,290
is still billions of years off leaving

1850
01:22:13,290 --> 01:22:16,650
plenty of time to refine the research no

1851
01:22:16,650 --> 01:22:18,390
way this is like a detective story we're

1852
01:22:18,390 --> 01:22:20,640
trying to figure out what is the culprit

1853
01:22:20,640 --> 01:22:22,230
or who is the culprit responsible for

1854
01:22:22,230 --> 01:22:23,940
the cosmic acceleration we think we know

1855
01:22:23,940 --> 01:22:25,980
its name we call it dark energy but we

1856
01:22:25,980 --> 01:22:28,740
don't know the modus operandi we don't

1857
01:22:28,740 --> 01:22:30,810
know exactly how it works what's needed

1858
01:22:30,810 --> 01:22:32,460
is more information more information

1859
01:22:32,460 --> 01:22:34,860
about the physics behind the dark energy

1860
01:22:34,860 --> 01:22:37,080
we want to know exactly what it does and

1861
01:22:37,080 --> 01:22:39,690
exactly what it's made out of and then

1862
01:22:39,690 --> 01:22:41,310
answering those questions we'll be able

1863
01:22:41,310 --> 01:22:43,590
to figure out exactly what is the fate

1864
01:22:43,590 --> 01:22:46,040
of the universe

1865
01:22:46,789 --> 01:22:50,249
the big riff is one theory cruising just

1866
01:22:50,249 --> 01:22:51,840
above Earth's atmosphere and peering

1867
01:22:51,840 --> 01:22:53,729
deep into space the Hubble telescope

1868
01:22:53,729 --> 01:22:55,860
provides scientists with clues to a less

1869
01:22:55,860 --> 01:22:58,949
violent but equally unavoidable end of

1870
01:22:58,949 --> 01:23:01,369
the universe

1871
01:23:12,370 --> 01:23:14,870
scientists now say the universe is

1872
01:23:14,870 --> 01:23:17,780
expanding and that depending on how fast

1873
01:23:17,780 --> 01:23:20,180
it is accelerating it might end in a big

1874
01:23:20,180 --> 01:23:24,310
rip where everything tears apart

1875
01:23:25,280 --> 01:23:27,650
it's also possible that it will continue

1876
01:23:27,650 --> 01:23:30,500
to expand but at a slower rate the

1877
01:23:30,500 --> 01:23:32,570
universe wouldn't rip apart but we

1878
01:23:32,570 --> 01:23:36,170
become dark cold and lifeless if dark

1879
01:23:36,170 --> 01:23:37,580
energy turns out to be constant a

1880
01:23:37,580 --> 01:23:39,440
constant property of space and continues

1881
01:23:39,440 --> 01:23:41,090
at the same rate that it is now the

1882
01:23:41,090 --> 01:23:43,490
universe will keep expanding forever it

1883
01:23:43,490 --> 01:23:45,350
will be a very sad state I think in the

1884
01:23:45,350 --> 01:23:48,110
end it just chills out everything cools

1885
01:23:48,110 --> 01:23:51,800
down evidence for the Big Chill and all

1886
01:23:51,800 --> 01:23:53,000
of the theories for the end of the

1887
01:23:53,000 --> 01:23:55,400
universe in part come from the Hubble

1888
01:23:55,400 --> 01:23:57,560
Space Telescope it has been orbiting

1889
01:23:57,560 --> 01:23:59,870
earth since 1990 and has an unobstructed

1890
01:23:59,870 --> 01:24:04,550
view of the cosmos the extraordinary

1891
01:24:04,550 --> 01:24:06,380
images it beams back to earth are

1892
01:24:06,380 --> 01:24:08,420
amazing in their clarity and detail and

1893
01:24:08,420 --> 01:24:10,790
because of Hubble scientists can make

1894
01:24:10,790 --> 01:24:12,110
better predictions about how the

1895
01:24:12,110 --> 01:24:17,210
universe will end so here is an example

1896
01:24:17,210 --> 01:24:19,850
of a very deep field that was taken by

1897
01:24:19,850 --> 01:24:22,310
the Hubble Space Telescope literally you

1898
01:24:22,310 --> 01:24:24,590
point the Space Telescope at a single

1899
01:24:24,590 --> 01:24:27,170
region in space and if you looked at

1900
01:24:27,170 --> 01:24:29,660
this from a typical ground-based image

1901
01:24:29,660 --> 01:24:31,880
before Hubble was launched first of all

1902
01:24:31,880 --> 01:24:33,800
it's a literally almost size of a

1903
01:24:33,800 --> 01:24:36,110
postage stamp and so suddenly the first

1904
01:24:36,110 --> 01:24:37,790
Hubble Deep Field that was ever taken

1905
01:24:37,790 --> 01:24:40,490
had 4,000 galaxies that look just like

1906
01:24:40,490 --> 01:24:42,500
the galaxies here that were never

1907
01:24:42,500 --> 01:24:44,420
visible before from the ground a

1908
01:24:44,420 --> 01:24:45,710
tremendous power

1909
01:24:45,710 --> 01:24:47,720
each of these smudges in their own right

1910
01:24:47,720 --> 01:24:50,390
is another galaxy each one of these

1911
01:24:50,390 --> 01:24:52,310
galaxies contains about a hundred

1912
01:24:52,310 --> 01:24:54,790
billion stars

1913
01:24:59,159 --> 01:25:04,980
hubbell suction the Big Crunch Theory

1914
01:25:04,980 --> 01:25:07,159
moved to a scientific backburner

1915
01:25:07,159 --> 01:25:09,090
cosmologists figured out that there must

1916
01:25:09,090 --> 01:25:10,920
be some form of energy that keeps the

1917
01:25:10,920 --> 01:25:14,060
universe from collapsing

1918
01:25:16,570 --> 01:25:19,760
the existence of such a force leads to

1919
01:25:19,760 --> 01:25:21,470
new theories about what the universe is

1920
01:25:21,470 --> 01:25:24,700
made of and how it might end and

1921
01:25:24,700 --> 01:25:26,930
evidence about how this might play out

1922
01:25:26,930 --> 01:25:29,150
is found in some of the most powerful

1923
01:25:29,150 --> 01:25:32,320
and mysterious phenomena in the cosmos

1924
01:25:32,320 --> 01:25:35,680
black holes

1925
01:25:51,110 --> 01:25:53,280
predicting how the universe will end

1926
01:25:53,280 --> 01:25:55,200
involve some of the most advanced

1927
01:25:55,200 --> 01:25:56,640
technology known to man

1928
01:25:56,640 --> 01:26:00,300
on a remote volcano on the island of

1929
01:26:00,300 --> 01:26:00,960
Hawaii

1930
01:26:00,960 --> 01:26:03,000
astronomers are monitoring a battle in

1931
01:26:03,000 --> 01:26:04,650
space that is shaping the fate of the

1932
01:26:04,650 --> 01:26:08,270
universe at an elevation of nearly

1933
01:26:08,270 --> 01:26:11,250
14,000 feet the Keck telescopes bring

1934
01:26:11,250 --> 01:26:12,930
astronomers from all over the world

1935
01:26:12,930 --> 01:26:15,450
nearer to space for a clearer view of

1936
01:26:15,450 --> 01:26:20,130
the cosmos they come here because the

1937
01:26:20,130 --> 01:26:22,350
telescope's work best far away from city

1938
01:26:22,350 --> 01:26:24,480
lights and as high as possible above

1939
01:26:24,480 --> 01:26:28,860
Earth's polluted air harsh conditions

1940
01:26:28,860 --> 01:26:31,080
make it difficult to work here but for

1941
01:26:31,080 --> 01:26:32,550
scientists in pursuit of the great

1942
01:26:32,550 --> 01:26:36,600
mysteries above it's paradise so this is

1943
01:26:36,600 --> 01:26:38,580
a remarkable location but of course the

1944
01:26:38,580 --> 01:26:40,800
air is very thin is extremely hard to

1945
01:26:40,800 --> 01:26:42,540
work here but these tasks opes are

1946
01:26:42,540 --> 01:26:44,310
amazingly powerful but we're ambitious

1947
01:26:44,310 --> 01:26:46,770
astronomers we don't just start looking

1948
01:26:46,770 --> 01:26:48,990
at easy objects we try hard to look at

1949
01:26:48,990 --> 01:26:50,790
the very faintest objects so we can

1950
01:26:50,790 --> 01:26:52,230
understand the extremities of the

1951
01:26:52,230 --> 01:26:54,810
universe here astronomers like Richard

1952
01:26:54,810 --> 01:26:56,550
Ellis are working on a problem that has

1953
01:26:56,550 --> 01:26:58,530
been all-consuming for cosmologists

1954
01:26:58,530 --> 01:27:00,360
since Edwin Hubble they know the

1955
01:27:00,360 --> 01:27:02,160
universe is expanding what they don't

1956
01:27:02,160 --> 01:27:04,560
know is how fast it will be difficult to

1957
01:27:04,560 --> 01:27:06,270
predict exactly how the universe will

1958
01:27:06,270 --> 01:27:08,700
end until they solve this mystery the

1959
01:27:08,700 --> 01:27:11,040
answers lie in the past now what we were

1960
01:27:11,040 --> 01:27:12,660
looking what I did the folks the

1961
01:27:12,660 --> 01:27:15,090
universe will stop that moving outward

1962
01:27:15,090 --> 01:27:17,910
just like the rocket that we saw and how

1963
01:27:17,910 --> 01:27:20,670
to fall back in upon itself and collapse

1964
01:27:20,670 --> 01:27:25,100
again under the force of its own gravity

1965
01:27:25,239 --> 01:27:28,220
in this scenario the universe could

1966
01:27:28,220 --> 01:27:30,410
return to its original state just before

1967
01:27:30,410 --> 01:27:32,600
the Big Bang setting the stage for a

1968
01:27:32,600 --> 01:27:34,670
perpetual seesaw of creation and

1969
01:27:34,670 --> 01:27:40,430
destruction the Big Crunch Theory moved

1970
01:27:40,430 --> 01:27:43,130
to a scientific backburner cosmologists

1971
01:27:43,130 --> 01:27:44,870
figured out that there must be some form

1972
01:27:44,870 --> 01:27:46,430
of energy that keeps the universe from

1973
01:27:46,430 --> 01:27:49,060
collapsing

1974
01:27:52,070 --> 01:27:54,740
the existence of such a force leads to

1975
01:27:54,740 --> 01:27:56,480
new theories about what the universe is

1976
01:27:56,480 --> 01:28:01,160
made of and how it might end scientists

1977
01:28:01,160 --> 01:28:02,870
will first need to know how fast the

1978
01:28:02,870 --> 01:28:06,520
universe is actually expanding

1979
01:28:07,789 --> 01:28:09,260
the most remarkable feature of the

1980
01:28:09,260 --> 01:28:12,320
universe is that it's expanding every

1981
01:28:12,320 --> 01:28:14,210
galaxy is moving away from every other

1982
01:28:14,210 --> 01:28:15,980
galaxy when you look out into the night

1983
01:28:15,980 --> 01:28:18,650
sky you see distant stars galaxies

1984
01:28:18,650 --> 01:28:20,510
clusters of galaxies they observe with

1985
01:28:20,510 --> 01:28:22,010
telescopes and they're all moving away

1986
01:28:22,010 --> 01:28:24,619
from us we can illustrate that with this

1987
01:28:24,619 --> 01:28:29,210
balloon so we expand it we see that

1988
01:28:29,210 --> 01:28:32,059
every dot drawn on this black balloon

1989
01:28:32,059 --> 01:28:34,010
like the night sky is moving away from

1990
01:28:34,010 --> 01:28:46,159
every other dot but there's something

1991
01:28:46,159 --> 01:28:47,000
else that we know about the universe

1992
01:28:47,000 --> 01:28:48,289
something else that we know about the

1993
01:28:48,289 --> 01:28:50,329
expansion that is that the expansion is

1994
01:28:50,329 --> 01:28:51,860
getting faster the universe is

1995
01:28:51,860 --> 01:28:54,079
accelerating the size of the universe is

1996
01:28:54,079 --> 01:28:56,210
getting bigger at a faster and faster

1997
01:28:56,210 --> 01:28:59,150
rate we don't know exactly how fast it's

1998
01:28:59,150 --> 01:29:01,519
accelerating but if it's accelerating

1999
01:29:01,519 --> 01:29:03,110
fast enough then something really

2000
01:29:03,110 --> 01:29:04,159
dramatic could happen

2001
01:29:04,159 --> 01:29:05,690
the universe could end up tearing itself

2002
01:29:05,690 --> 01:29:08,679
apart in a big rip

2003
01:29:11,849 --> 01:29:14,020
this is perfect this is great that you

2004
01:29:14,020 --> 01:29:16,239
rigged this up so this is this is a

2005
01:29:16,239 --> 01:29:17,889
giant version of the demo that I do in

2006
01:29:17,889 --> 01:29:20,770
class dr. Robert Caldwell attempts an

2007
01:29:20,770 --> 01:29:22,840
Earthbound experiment to show how dark

2008
01:29:22,840 --> 01:29:24,670
energy affects the acceleration of the

2009
01:29:24,670 --> 01:29:27,670
universe he uses a paintball gun mounted

2010
01:29:27,670 --> 01:29:29,800
on a truck yeah and basically I mean we

2011
01:29:29,800 --> 01:29:31,510
could adjust the angle in any way that

2012
01:29:31,510 --> 01:29:35,530
you want it what you think I think is

2013
01:29:35,530 --> 01:29:41,170
the best so we can mark he sends the

2014
01:29:41,170 --> 01:29:43,900
truck coasting down an incline Earth's

2015
01:29:43,900 --> 01:29:46,300
gravity pulls the vehicle downhill which

2016
01:29:46,300 --> 01:29:48,099
is similar to how dark energy propels

2017
01:29:48,099 --> 01:29:49,989
the universe outward causing it to

2018
01:29:49,989 --> 01:29:52,989
expand gravity pulls the truck forward

2019
01:29:52,989 --> 01:29:56,469
at an increasing speed the gun fires

2020
01:29:56,469 --> 01:29:58,480
painted the ground at regular one-second

2021
01:29:58,480 --> 01:30:00,909
intervals Caldwell measures the distance

2022
01:30:00,909 --> 01:30:03,130
between the paint dots to calculate just

2023
01:30:03,130 --> 01:30:05,679
how fast the truck was accelerated he'll

2024
01:30:05,679 --> 01:30:08,050
use the data from this experiment to see

2025
01:30:08,050 --> 01:30:10,030
how gravity's force compares to darken

2026
01:30:10,030 --> 01:30:12,520
basically the black hole tracked it into

2027
01:30:12,520 --> 01:30:15,040
an orbit around itself and that orbit

2028
01:30:15,040 --> 01:30:17,889
becomes very circular as it gets closer

2029
01:30:17,889 --> 01:30:19,679
and now the penny will eventually

2030
01:30:19,679 --> 01:30:22,540
disappear go inside a black hole

2031
01:30:22,540 --> 01:30:25,510
Earth's Sun warps space similarly to a

2032
01:30:25,510 --> 01:30:28,150
black hole only it's a cosmic wimp by

2033
01:30:28,150 --> 01:30:31,719
comparison the gravitational pull of our

2034
01:30:31,719 --> 01:30:34,150
Sun is much weaker earth and all its

2035
01:30:34,150 --> 01:30:36,159
nearby planets are trapped by the sun's

2036
01:30:36,159 --> 01:30:38,530
pull but it's so mild that it just stays

2037
01:30:38,530 --> 01:30:40,300
in orbit without being sucked into the

2038
01:30:40,300 --> 01:30:42,540
Sun

2039
01:30:43,380 --> 01:30:46,210
the mass of a black hole can be a

2040
01:30:46,210 --> 01:30:48,610
million times the mass of the Sun or

2041
01:30:48,610 --> 01:30:51,310
more causing a huge warp in the space

2042
01:30:51,310 --> 01:30:53,710
around it that consumes everything that

2043
01:30:53,710 --> 01:30:58,150
comes near that black hole wrapped space

2044
01:30:58,150 --> 01:31:00,640
around itself and so the expansion the

2045
01:31:00,640 --> 01:31:03,250
universe was accelerating the degree of

2046
01:31:03,250 --> 01:31:05,560
acceleration is not known and it's the

2047
01:31:05,560 --> 01:31:07,000
subject of a lot of effort by

2048
01:31:07,000 --> 01:31:08,440
astronomers today to try and figure out

2049
01:31:08,440 --> 01:31:10,239
exactly how fast the expansion is

2050
01:31:10,239 --> 01:31:12,550
growing what is the past evolution of

2051
01:31:12,550 --> 01:31:14,800
the universe in detail and if we can

2052
01:31:14,800 --> 01:31:16,420
glean from that what is the future

2053
01:31:16,420 --> 01:31:18,219
evolution of the universe it's not

2054
01:31:18,219 --> 01:31:19,360
knowing exactly how fast it's

2055
01:31:19,360 --> 01:31:20,590
accelerating there's some evidence that

2056
01:31:20,590 --> 01:31:22,420
the acceleration is beyond a certain

2057
01:31:22,420 --> 01:31:24,699
threshold and beyond that threshold

2058
01:31:24,699 --> 01:31:26,860
there's a runaway effect that could take

2059
01:31:26,860 --> 01:31:30,239
place and would rip apart the universe

2060
01:31:30,239 --> 01:31:34,770
fantastic maybe we've got some good data

2061
01:31:34,770 --> 01:31:37,660
great give you that end all right I'll

2062
01:31:37,660 --> 01:31:39,989
take this

2063
01:31:42,740 --> 01:31:45,660
in happiness the point of the paintball

2064
01:31:45,660 --> 01:31:47,730
experiment is to find parallels between

2065
01:31:47,730 --> 01:31:49,530
the truck propelled by the invisible

2066
01:31:49,530 --> 01:31:51,570
force of gravity and the accelerating

2067
01:31:51,570 --> 01:31:54,840
universe glad we got the long tape

2068
01:31:54,840 --> 01:31:56,400
measure because it's really growing

2069
01:31:56,400 --> 01:32:00,690
pretty fast the interval within a few

2070
01:32:00,690 --> 01:32:02,520
measurements the distance between the

2071
01:32:02,520 --> 01:32:04,740
paint spots increases by nearly seven

2072
01:32:04,740 --> 01:32:09,120
times if the truck were in space at this

2073
01:32:09,120 --> 01:32:11,430
rate it would travel faster than 100

2074
01:32:11,430 --> 01:32:13,650
miles per hour within a minute and over

2075
01:32:13,650 --> 01:32:15,450
a thousand miles per hour within 10

2076
01:32:15,450 --> 01:32:29,010
minutes they're getting big now 42 all

2077
01:32:29,010 --> 01:32:31,560
right point five the question for Robert

2078
01:32:31,560 --> 01:32:33,780
Caldwell is whether the same kind of

2079
01:32:33,780 --> 01:32:37,020
expansion and acceleration are happening

2080
01:32:37,020 --> 01:32:41,190
on a cosmic scale what's the like the

2081
01:32:41,190 --> 01:32:47,610
capsule manner is the plastic ring this

2082
01:32:47,610 --> 01:32:48,900
right here is the data that I took with

2083
01:32:48,900 --> 01:32:50,670
Eric the cumulative distance travelled

2084
01:32:50,670 --> 01:32:52,830
by the car as a function of time and

2085
01:32:52,830 --> 01:32:54,210
that's beautiful it's this nice

2086
01:32:54,210 --> 01:32:56,610
parabolic shape that's exactly what you

2087
01:32:56,610 --> 01:32:59,250
expect for an accelerating body and over

2088
01:32:59,250 --> 01:33:00,570
here I've got another calculation going

2089
01:33:00,570 --> 01:33:03,390
on we're on working out the acceleration

2090
01:33:03,390 --> 01:33:05,570
of the universe

2091
01:33:05,570 --> 01:33:08,460
Robert Caldwell's calculation shows that

2092
01:33:08,460 --> 01:33:10,620
forces on earth are similar to forces in

2093
01:33:10,620 --> 01:33:13,530
space this demonstration then gives a

2094
01:33:13,530 --> 01:33:15,270
sense of the dramatic rate of expansion

2095
01:33:15,270 --> 01:33:17,070
that appears to be happening in the

2096
01:33:17,070 --> 01:33:20,610
cosmos by eye it might be difficult to

2097
01:33:20,610 --> 01:33:23,190
appreciate how good a fit it is but I

2098
01:33:23,190 --> 01:33:24,630
can tell you that the weight of a

2099
01:33:24,630 --> 01:33:26,940
statistics indicates that an

2100
01:33:26,940 --> 01:33:28,470
accelerating universe is a very good fit

2101
01:33:28,470 --> 01:33:30,740
to this data

2102
01:33:31,560 --> 01:33:34,960
if like the truck the universe is

2103
01:33:34,960 --> 01:33:37,300
continually accelerating then billions

2104
01:33:37,300 --> 01:33:39,610
of years from now the universe might

2105
01:33:39,610 --> 01:33:43,750
tear itself apart scientists consider

2106
01:33:43,750 --> 01:33:46,750
exploding stars or supernovae like in

2107
01:33:46,750 --> 01:33:48,280
these images captured by the Hubble

2108
01:33:48,280 --> 01:33:50,860
telescope to be reliable tell tales of

2109
01:33:50,860 --> 01:33:53,770
how fast the universe expands their

2110
01:33:53,770 --> 01:33:56,230
brief and bright explosions allow

2111
01:33:56,230 --> 01:33:57,850
scientists to track the universe's

2112
01:33:57,850 --> 01:33:59,800
expansion and give them a way to measure

2113
01:33:59,800 --> 01:34:01,050
it the Mount Wilson Observatory

2114
01:34:01,050 --> 01:34:05,250
overlooking Pasadena California

2115
01:34:05,520 --> 01:34:08,400
in 1929 while looking through what was

2116
01:34:08,400 --> 01:34:10,950
then the world's largest telescope Edwin

2117
01:34:10,950 --> 01:34:14,100
Hubble makes a strange discovery the

2118
01:34:14,100 --> 01:34:16,860
universe is expanding Hubble's discovery

2119
01:34:16,860 --> 01:34:18,720
led to a whole new picture of the

2120
01:34:18,720 --> 01:34:19,950
universe that was a dynamic environment

2121
01:34:19,950 --> 01:34:22,830
and that it evolved it changed in time

2122
01:34:22,830 --> 01:34:24,990
and that's different from pictures that

2123
01:34:24,990 --> 01:34:28,910
people had of cosmology previous to not

2124
01:34:28,910 --> 01:34:31,710
before Hubble scientists said that the

2125
01:34:31,710 --> 01:34:35,180
universe was static and unchanging

2126
01:34:35,990 --> 01:34:38,400
Hubble's discovery that the universe is

2127
01:34:38,400 --> 01:34:40,320
expanding meant it had a starting point

2128
01:34:40,320 --> 01:34:46,130
a beginning

2129
01:34:47,320 --> 01:34:49,850
that brought the idea forward that hey

2130
01:34:49,850 --> 01:34:52,550
what if we ran the film backwards in

2131
01:34:52,550 --> 01:34:55,730
time and found the point at which that

2132
01:34:55,730 --> 01:35:01,340
began the Big Bang that fraction of a

2133
01:35:01,340 --> 01:35:03,110
second when the universe and everything

2134
01:35:03,110 --> 01:35:05,960
in it exploded into existence from a

2135
01:35:05,960 --> 01:35:09,310
point smaller than an atom

2136
01:35:12,830 --> 01:35:15,000
one common misconception about the

2137
01:35:15,000 --> 01:35:17,010
debater so we can identify a point in

2138
01:35:17,010 --> 01:35:19,020
space where the Big Bang occurred but in

2139
01:35:19,020 --> 01:35:20,580
fact it's more appropriate to think of

2140
01:35:20,580 --> 01:35:22,230
the big bang as a simultaneous creation

2141
01:35:22,230 --> 01:35:24,360
everywhere of space which is then

2142
01:35:24,360 --> 01:35:28,610
continuing to expand for the present day

2143
01:35:29,060 --> 01:35:31,410
scientists theorized that at the moment

2144
01:35:31,410 --> 01:35:33,150
of the Big Bang the first small

2145
01:35:33,150 --> 01:35:35,160
particles of matter called quarks were

2146
01:35:35,160 --> 01:35:38,640
produced they collided to form the

2147
01:35:38,640 --> 01:35:41,570
building blocks of the universe

2148
01:35:42,110 --> 01:35:44,790
these floated in a thick fog of hot

2149
01:35:44,790 --> 01:35:52,350
plasma for about 400,000 years gravity

2150
01:35:52,350 --> 01:35:54,600
also created at the Big Bang through the

2151
01:35:54,600 --> 01:35:57,990
particles together eventually creating

2152
01:35:57,990 --> 01:36:00,180
the first stars and lighting up the

2153
01:36:00,180 --> 01:36:04,560
cosmos the theory of the Big Bang is a

2154
01:36:04,560 --> 01:36:07,080
very solid theory what happened at the

2155
01:36:07,080 --> 01:36:08,850
moment of the Big Bang is still

2156
01:36:08,850 --> 01:36:10,200
something we're working on we don't

2157
01:36:10,200 --> 01:36:12,269
really understand

2158
01:36:12,269 --> 01:36:14,610
if the universe has been expanding since

2159
01:36:14,610 --> 01:36:17,130
the Big Bang scientists must consider

2160
01:36:17,130 --> 01:36:18,690
that it will stop expanding at some

2161
01:36:18,690 --> 01:36:22,969
point the question is how

2162
01:36:25,530 --> 01:36:28,510
the most obvious answer involves gravity

2163
01:36:28,510 --> 01:36:31,320
what goes up must come down

2164
01:36:31,320 --> 01:36:34,179
stars and galaxies and everything else

2165
01:36:34,179 --> 01:36:36,610
might reverse direction the universe

2166
01:36:36,610 --> 01:36:38,290
would collapse in what some scientists

2167
01:36:38,290 --> 01:36:41,429
call a Big Crunch

2168
01:36:43,219 --> 01:36:45,330
take the top and then see the other

2169
01:36:45,330 --> 01:36:49,080
handles are a model rocket offers clues

2170
01:36:49,080 --> 01:36:51,330
to how the Big Crunch would work the

2171
01:36:51,330 --> 01:36:53,250
rocket is like the universe expanding

2172
01:36:53,250 --> 01:36:58,290
into space out of the Big Bang an

2173
01:36:58,290 --> 01:37:00,570
initial bang a lot of the great

2174
01:37:00,570 --> 01:37:04,590
mysteries above it's paradise so this is

2175
01:37:04,590 --> 01:37:06,570
a remarkable location but of course the

2176
01:37:06,570 --> 01:37:08,790
air is very thin is extremely hard to

2177
01:37:08,790 --> 01:37:10,560
work here but these tasks opes are

2178
01:37:10,560 --> 01:37:12,300
amazingly powerful but we're ambitious

2179
01:37:12,300 --> 01:37:14,790
astronomers we don't just start looking

2180
01:37:14,790 --> 01:37:16,980
at easy objects we try hard to look at

2181
01:37:16,980 --> 01:37:18,780
the very faintest objects so we can

2182
01:37:18,780 --> 01:37:20,219
understand the extremities of the

2183
01:37:20,219 --> 01:37:22,800
universe here astronomers like Richard

2184
01:37:22,800 --> 01:37:24,540
Ellis are working on a problem that has

2185
01:37:24,540 --> 01:37:26,550
been all-consuming for cosmologists

2186
01:37:26,550 --> 01:37:28,350
since Edwin Hubble they know the

2187
01:37:28,350 --> 01:37:30,179
universe is expanding what they don't

2188
01:37:30,179 --> 01:37:32,640
know is how fast it'll be difficult to

2189
01:37:32,640 --> 01:37:34,290
predict exactly how the universe will

2190
01:37:34,290 --> 01:37:36,690
end until they solve this mystery the

2191
01:37:36,690 --> 01:37:39,030
answers lie in the past now what we were

2192
01:37:39,030 --> 01:37:40,650
looking what I did the focally the

2193
01:37:40,650 --> 01:37:43,110
universe will stop that moving outward

2194
01:37:43,110 --> 01:37:45,690
just like the rocket that we saw and

2195
01:37:45,690 --> 01:37:48,210
have to fall back in upon itself and

2196
01:37:48,210 --> 01:37:50,400
collapse again under the force of its

2197
01:37:50,400 --> 01:37:53,090
own gravity

2198
01:37:53,249 --> 01:37:56,199
in this scenario the universe could

2199
01:37:56,199 --> 01:37:58,419
return to its original state just before

2200
01:37:58,419 --> 01:38:00,609
the Big Bang setting the stage for a

2201
01:38:00,609 --> 01:38:02,679
perpetual seesaw of creation and

2202
01:38:02,679 --> 01:38:08,439
destruction the Big Crunch Theory moved

2203
01:38:08,439 --> 01:38:11,139
to a scientific backburner cosmologists

2204
01:38:11,139 --> 01:38:12,879
figured out that there must be some form

2205
01:38:12,879 --> 01:38:14,439
of energy that keeps the universe from

2206
01:38:14,439 --> 01:38:17,039
collapsing

2207
01:38:19,550 --> 01:38:22,740
the existence of such a force leads to

2208
01:38:22,740 --> 01:38:24,480
new theories about what the universe is

2209
01:38:24,480 --> 01:38:27,710
made of and how it might end and

2210
01:38:27,710 --> 01:38:29,940
evidence about how this might play out

2211
01:38:29,940 --> 01:38:32,160
is found in some of the most powerful

2212
01:38:32,160 --> 01:38:35,330
and mysterious phenomena in the cosmos

2213
01:38:35,330 --> 01:38:38,660
black holes

2214
01:38:54,090 --> 01:38:56,290
predicting how the universe will end

2215
01:38:56,290 --> 01:38:58,150
involve some of the most advanced

2216
01:38:58,150 --> 01:39:01,719
technology known to man on a remote

2217
01:39:01,719 --> 01:39:03,969
volcano on the island of Hawaii

2218
01:39:03,969 --> 01:39:06,010
astronomers are monitoring a battle in

2219
01:39:06,010 --> 01:39:07,659
space that is shaping the fate of the

2220
01:39:07,659 --> 01:39:11,280
universe at an elevation of nearly

2221
01:39:11,280 --> 01:39:14,260
14,000 feet the Keck telescopes bring

2222
01:39:14,260 --> 01:39:15,909
astronomers from all over the world

2223
01:39:15,909 --> 01:39:18,460
nearer to space for a clearer view of

2224
01:39:18,460 --> 01:39:23,139
the cosmos they come here because the

2225
01:39:23,139 --> 01:39:25,360
telescope's work best far away from city

2226
01:39:25,360 --> 01:39:27,460
lights and as high as possible above

2227
01:39:27,460 --> 01:39:31,840
Earth's polluted air harsh conditions

2228
01:39:31,840 --> 01:39:34,059
make it difficult to work here but for

2229
01:39:34,059 --> 01:39:35,559
scientists in pursuit of the great

2230
01:39:35,559 --> 01:39:39,579
mysteries above it's paradise so this is

2231
01:39:39,579 --> 01:39:41,559
a remarkable location but of course the

2232
01:39:41,559 --> 01:39:43,780
air is very thin is extremely hard to

2233
01:39:43,780 --> 01:39:45,550
work here but these tasks opes are

2234
01:39:45,550 --> 01:39:47,290
amazingly powerful but we're ambitious

2235
01:39:47,290 --> 01:39:49,809
astronomers we don't just start looking

2236
01:39:49,809 --> 01:39:51,969
at easy objects we try hard to look at

2237
01:39:51,969 --> 01:39:53,770
the very faintest objects so we can

2238
01:39:53,770 --> 01:39:55,210
understand the extremities of the

2239
01:39:55,210 --> 01:39:57,790
universe here astronomers like Richard

2240
01:39:57,790 --> 01:39:59,559
Ellis are working on a problem that has

2241
01:39:59,559 --> 01:40:01,510
been all nothing before could give us

2242
01:40:01,510 --> 01:40:03,489
such a clear image of the energy left

2243
01:40:03,489 --> 01:40:05,679
over from the Big Bang energy that

2244
01:40:05,679 --> 01:40:07,090
scientists call the Cosmic Microwave

2245
01:40:07,090 --> 01:40:09,659
Background

2246
01:40:10,840 --> 01:40:13,070
w map is measuring temperature

2247
01:40:13,070 --> 01:40:14,270
differences in the Cosmic Microwave

2248
01:40:14,270 --> 01:40:16,670
Background which may finally make it

2249
01:40:16,670 --> 01:40:18,620
possible to predict which force will

2250
01:40:18,620 --> 01:40:20,750
dominate the universe and how that force

2251
01:40:20,750 --> 01:40:23,600
will bring the cosmos - it's in the blue

2252
01:40:23,600 --> 01:40:26,390
spots are regions in the microwave light

2253
01:40:26,390 --> 01:40:28,430
that was produced by the Big Bang that

2254
01:40:28,430 --> 01:40:30,500
are slightly colder than the average

2255
01:40:30,500 --> 01:40:32,330
temperature and the red spots are

2256
01:40:32,330 --> 01:40:33,680
regions that are slightly hotter than

2257
01:40:33,680 --> 01:40:35,720
the average temperature difference is

2258
01:40:35,720 --> 01:40:38,180
revealed by W map tell scientists about

2259
01:40:38,180 --> 01:40:40,310
the nature of the matter and energy that

2260
01:40:40,310 --> 01:40:42,680
is contained within the universe they're

2261
01:40:42,680 --> 01:40:44,660
able to analyze the light patterns and

2262
01:40:44,660 --> 01:40:47,000
find clues not only about the substance

2263
01:40:47,000 --> 01:40:52,100
but also the fate of the universe we

2264
01:40:52,100 --> 01:40:53,360
only capture a tiny part of the

2265
01:40:53,360 --> 01:40:54,650
electromagnetic spectrum with our eyes

2266
01:40:54,650 --> 01:40:56,960
and we have to go to much longer

2267
01:40:56,960 --> 01:40:58,580
wavelengths same wavelengths that are

2268
01:40:58,580 --> 01:40:59,960
used to heat water in a microwave oven

2269
01:40:59,960 --> 01:41:03,800
are what we're measuring here at the W

2270
01:41:03,800 --> 01:41:06,260
map is so precise that it can detect

2271
01:41:06,260 --> 01:41:08,480
differences in temperatures as small as

2272
01:41:08,480 --> 01:41:11,150
one one thousandth of a degree this

2273
01:41:11,150 --> 01:41:12,770
sensitivity helps scientists to

2274
01:41:12,770 --> 01:41:14,540
calculate the ratio of dark matter to

2275
01:41:14,540 --> 01:41:16,880
dark energy forces that will determine

2276
01:41:16,880 --> 01:41:20,360
how the universe ends we assemble all

2277
01:41:20,360 --> 01:41:22,220
those difference measurements and make a

2278
01:41:22,220 --> 01:41:25,220
map of the variations of light and by

2279
01:41:25,220 --> 01:41:28,370
turning up the contrast we can can

2280
01:41:28,370 --> 01:41:31,130
basically subtract off this uniform glow

2281
01:41:31,130 --> 01:41:33,080
from the Big Bang and look for a

2282
01:41:33,080 --> 01:41:36,020
variation it doesn't look like much

2283
01:41:36,020 --> 01:41:38,480
until Garry Henshaw just the contrast

2284
01:41:38,480 --> 01:41:42,699
then the W map image comes to life

2285
01:41:42,699 --> 01:41:45,699
looking at W map imagery is in essence

2286
01:41:45,699 --> 01:41:47,679
taking a journey back through space and

2287
01:41:47,679 --> 01:41:50,050
time so that we might get some new ideas

2288
01:41:50,050 --> 01:41:53,670
on the fate of the universe

2289
01:42:01,430 --> 01:42:03,480
pulling away from the probe and

2290
01:42:03,480 --> 01:42:05,370
following the path of the light it is

2291
01:42:05,370 --> 01:42:08,430
collecting we past Mars Jupiter and

2292
01:42:08,430 --> 01:42:11,190
Saturn whose reflected light takes over

2293
01:42:11,190 --> 01:42:14,270
an hour to reach Earth

2294
01:42:14,989 --> 01:42:18,150
then leaving the Milky Way we pass

2295
01:42:18,150 --> 01:42:20,429
Andromeda the next nearest galaxies

2296
01:42:20,429 --> 01:42:23,429
whose light takes 2.3 million years to

2297
01:42:23,429 --> 01:42:25,729
reach us which means we have travelled

2298
01:42:25,729 --> 01:42:30,439
2.3 million years back in time

2299
01:42:40,460 --> 01:42:43,520
and finally we arrived back 13 billion

2300
01:42:43,520 --> 01:42:45,950
years ago at the beginning of visible

2301
01:42:45,950 --> 01:42:50,090
light before that superheated hydrogen

2302
01:42:50,090 --> 01:42:53,810
gas is everywhere w map can see this far

2303
01:42:53,810 --> 01:42:58,550
back in history it's confirming

2304
01:42:58,550 --> 01:43:01,370
important facts about the U and notice

2305
01:43:01,370 --> 01:43:03,290
how it comes into a really beautiful

2306
01:43:03,290 --> 01:43:05,090
circular orbit basically the black hole

2307
01:43:05,090 --> 01:43:07,610
tracked it into an orbit around itself

2308
01:43:07,610 --> 01:43:10,540
and that orbit becomes very circular as

2309
01:43:10,540 --> 01:43:13,160
it gets closer and now the penny will

2310
01:43:13,160 --> 01:43:16,100
eventually disappear go inside a black

2311
01:43:16,100 --> 01:43:16,550
hole

2312
01:43:16,550 --> 01:43:19,550
Earth's Sun warped space similarly to a

2313
01:43:19,550 --> 01:43:22,190
black hole only it's a cosmic wimp by

2314
01:43:22,190 --> 01:43:25,790
comparison the gravitational pull of our

2315
01:43:25,790 --> 01:43:28,190
Sun is much weaker earth and all its

2316
01:43:28,190 --> 01:43:30,200
nearby planets are trapped by the sun's

2317
01:43:30,200 --> 01:43:32,570
pull but it's so mild that it just stays

2318
01:43:32,570 --> 01:43:34,340
in orbit without being sucked into the

2319
01:43:34,340 --> 01:43:40,250
Sun the mass of a black hole can be a

2320
01:43:40,250 --> 01:43:42,680
million times the mass of the Sun or

2321
01:43:42,680 --> 01:43:45,350
more causing a huge warp in the space

2322
01:43:45,350 --> 01:43:47,750
around it that consumes everything that

2323
01:43:47,750 --> 01:43:50,170
comes near

2324
01:43:50,170 --> 01:43:52,960
that black hole wraps face around itself

2325
01:43:52,960 --> 01:43:55,810
and so if material falls near it it

2326
01:43:55,810 --> 01:43:58,000
falls inside and gets trapped forever

2327
01:43:58,000 --> 01:44:00,640
black holes exist in isolated areas

2328
01:44:00,640 --> 01:44:02,920
throughout the cosmos a black hole's

2329
01:44:02,920 --> 01:44:04,870
gravitational pull is a scaled-down

2330
01:44:04,870 --> 01:44:06,550
version of the force that could cause

2331
01:44:06,550 --> 01:44:09,100
the universe to collapse that force is

2332
01:44:09,100 --> 01:44:11,320
dark matter and dark matter is what

2333
01:44:11,320 --> 01:44:13,150
scientists often call cosmic glue

2334
01:44:13,150 --> 01:44:19,600
Matthew let's do some cosmology Dark

2335
01:44:19,600 --> 01:44:22,660
Matter attracts other objects where its

2336
01:44:22,660 --> 01:44:24,580
gravitational attraction is a positive

2337
01:44:24,580 --> 01:44:28,030
force there's another force that opposes

2338
01:44:28,030 --> 01:44:31,870
gravity and that is dark energy the dark

2339
01:44:31,870 --> 01:44:33,760
energy we don't really understand what

2340
01:44:33,760 --> 01:44:35,469
it is but it's a negative repulsing

2341
01:44:35,469 --> 01:44:37,330
effect that pushes galaxies away from

2342
01:44:37,330 --> 01:44:39,600
each other

2343
01:44:40,969 --> 01:44:43,160
the Whirlpool in Richard Ellis's

2344
01:44:43,160 --> 01:44:44,930
demonstration represents the

2345
01:44:44,930 --> 01:44:47,540
gravitational force of dark matter the

2346
01:44:47,540 --> 01:44:49,160
green dye coming out of the syringe

2347
01:44:49,160 --> 01:44:50,930
shows how this stuff of the universe

2348
01:44:50,930 --> 01:44:54,219
collapses under the force of dark matter

2349
01:44:54,219 --> 01:44:57,260
the presence of dark matter acts as the

2350
01:44:57,260 --> 01:44:59,330
focus for the gas in the universe

2351
01:44:59,330 --> 01:45:00,980
bringing structure together this is how

2352
01:45:00,980 --> 01:45:03,020
the milky way developed as the universe

2353
01:45:03,020 --> 01:45:05,600
expanded little things merging into big

2354
01:45:05,600 --> 01:45:08,540
things the positive constructive force

2355
01:45:08,540 --> 01:45:10,670
of gravity now if this was the only

2356
01:45:10,670 --> 01:45:12,710
force in the universe the universe would

2357
01:45:12,710 --> 01:45:14,239
stop expanding at some point in the

2358
01:45:14,239 --> 01:45:16,460
future and eventually the universe would

2359
01:45:16,460 --> 01:45:18,650
start collapsing gravity would

2360
01:45:18,650 --> 01:45:20,510
eventually halt the expansion bring it

2361
01:45:20,510 --> 01:45:24,739
back together in a Big Crunch yet the

2362
01:45:24,739 --> 01:45:27,290
universe continues to expand and isn't

2363
01:45:27,290 --> 01:45:29,660
showing any signs of collapsing this

2364
01:45:29,660 --> 01:45:31,430
suggests the opposing force of dark

2365
01:45:31,430 --> 01:45:33,050
energy could be stronger than dark

2366
01:45:33,050 --> 01:45:35,719
matter but it will take scientific

2367
01:45:35,719 --> 01:45:38,150
detective work to find out they look to

2368
01:45:38,150 --> 01:45:39,650
one of the most violent forces in the

2369
01:45:39,650 --> 01:45:42,050
universe for clues we're studying

2370
01:45:42,050 --> 01:45:44,510
exploding stars to try to understand if

2371
01:45:44,510 --> 01:45:46,070
they can tell us the rate at which the

2372
01:45:46,070 --> 01:45:47,989
universe is expanding these are

2373
01:45:47,989 --> 01:45:51,140
explosions at the end of lives of stars

2374
01:45:51,140 --> 01:45:53,870
not unlike our Sun fuel that these stars

2375
01:45:53,870 --> 01:45:56,390
have in their centers is spent the star

2376
01:45:56,390 --> 01:45:58,820
collapses the outer part expands and the

2377
01:45:58,820 --> 01:46:01,210
star becomes something called expanding

2378
01:46:01,210 --> 01:46:03,130
and then depending on how fast it is

2379
01:46:03,130 --> 01:46:05,560
accelerating it might end in a big rip

2380
01:46:05,560 --> 01:46:09,330
where everything tears apart

2381
01:46:10,329 --> 01:46:12,790
it's also possible that it will continue

2382
01:46:12,790 --> 01:46:15,520
to expand but at a slower rate the

2383
01:46:15,520 --> 01:46:17,559
universe wouldn't rip apart but we

2384
01:46:17,559 --> 01:46:21,159
become dark cold and lifeless if dark

2385
01:46:21,159 --> 01:46:22,599
energy turns out to be constant a

2386
01:46:22,599 --> 01:46:24,429
constant property of space and continues

2387
01:46:24,429 --> 01:46:26,110
at the same rate that it is now the

2388
01:46:26,110 --> 01:46:28,449
universe will keep expanding forever and

2389
01:46:28,449 --> 01:46:30,250
it will be a very sad state I think in

2390
01:46:30,250 --> 01:46:32,800
the end it just chills out everything

2391
01:46:32,800 --> 01:46:36,159
cools down evidence for the Big Chill

2392
01:46:36,159 --> 01:46:37,929
and all of the theories for the end of

2393
01:46:37,929 --> 01:46:40,119
the universe in part come from the

2394
01:46:40,119 --> 01:46:42,369
Hubble Space Telescope it has been

2395
01:46:42,369 --> 01:46:44,590
orbiting earth since 1990 and has an

2396
01:46:44,590 --> 01:46:48,880
unobstructed view of the cosmos the

2397
01:46:48,880 --> 01:46:50,949
extraordinary images it beams back to

2398
01:46:50,949 --> 01:46:52,780
earth are amazing in their clarity and

2399
01:46:52,780 --> 01:46:55,570
detail and because of Hubble scientists

2400
01:46:55,570 --> 01:46:57,040
can make better predictions about how

2401
01:46:57,040 --> 01:47:01,570
the universe will end so here is an

2402
01:47:01,570 --> 01:47:04,420
example of a very deep field that was

2403
01:47:04,420 --> 01:47:05,559
taken by the Hubble Space Telescope

2404
01:47:05,559 --> 01:47:08,020
which literally you point the Space

2405
01:47:08,020 --> 01:47:10,869
Telescope at a single region in space

2406
01:47:10,869 --> 01:47:13,230
and if you looked at this from a typical

2407
01:47:13,230 --> 01:47:15,550
ground-based image before Hubble was

2408
01:47:15,550 --> 01:47:17,829
launched first of all it's a literally

2409
01:47:17,829 --> 01:47:20,290
almost size of a postage stamp and so

2410
01:47:20,290 --> 01:47:21,670
suddenly the first Hubble Deep Field

2411
01:47:21,670 --> 01:47:24,699
that was ever taken had 4,000 galaxies

2412
01:47:24,699 --> 01:47:26,650
that look just like the galaxies here

2413
01:47:26,650 --> 01:47:28,960
that were never visible before from the

2414
01:47:28,960 --> 01:47:30,730
ground a tremendous power

2415
01:47:30,730 --> 01:47:32,739
each of these smudges in their own right

2416
01:47:32,739 --> 01:47:35,380
is another galaxy each one of these

2417
01:47:35,380 --> 01:47:37,329
galaxies contains about a hundred

2418
01:47:37,329 --> 01:47:40,199
billion stars

2419
01:47:44,119 --> 01:47:46,399
Hubble sees more than just stars and

2420
01:47:46,399 --> 01:47:48,979
galaxies it just might be on to one of

2421
01:47:48,979 --> 01:47:50,629
the key ingredients of space

2422
01:47:50,629 --> 01:47:53,300
an invisible ingredient that could put

2423
01:47:53,300 --> 01:47:55,219
the brakes on dark Energy's effect and

2424
01:47:55,219 --> 01:47:56,929
cause a big chill

2425
01:47:56,929 --> 01:48:00,519
that's dark matter

2426
01:48:01,219 --> 01:48:03,560
scientists talk about dark matter as the

2427
01:48:03,560 --> 01:48:04,699
substance that holds the universe

2428
01:48:04,699 --> 01:48:09,219
together and could prevent a big rip

2429
01:48:09,219 --> 01:48:12,230
evidence that Dark Matter exists is seen

2430
01:48:12,230 --> 01:48:13,790
in some of Hubble's images of nearby

2431
01:48:13,790 --> 01:48:16,400
galaxies it sometimes appears as though

2432
01:48:16,400 --> 01:48:18,770
other galaxies surround them the other

2433
01:48:18,770 --> 01:48:20,600
galaxies are not really there at all but

2434
01:48:20,600 --> 01:48:22,850
rather they are reflections of more

2435
01:48:22,850 --> 01:48:25,150
distant galaxies coming from behind

2436
01:48:25,150 --> 01:48:27,350
astronomers suspect this optical

2437
01:48:27,350 --> 01:48:29,900
illusion is dark matter causing a weird

2438
01:48:29,900 --> 01:48:32,150
distortion of light called gravitational

2439
01:48:32,150 --> 01:48:36,110
lensing the light from the more distant

2440
01:48:36,110 --> 01:48:38,210
galaxies is literally bent by the

2441
01:48:38,210 --> 01:48:40,730
curvature of space caused by stars and

2442
01:48:40,730 --> 01:48:43,400
dark matter in its path the more dark

2443
01:48:43,400 --> 01:48:45,290
matter there is between earth and the

2444
01:48:45,290 --> 01:48:47,570
distant galaxies the more the light will

2445
01:48:47,570 --> 01:48:49,550
be bent and the greater the force to

2446
01:48:49,550 --> 01:48:52,160
cause a Big Chill the gravitational

2447
01:48:52,160 --> 01:48:53,660
lensing is a tremendous tool for the

2448
01:48:53,660 --> 01:48:55,610
astronomer because we can measure the

2449
01:48:55,610 --> 01:48:58,130
distortion in background galaxies and

2450
01:48:58,130 --> 01:49:00,949
use it to trace accelerating universe is

2451
01:49:00,949 --> 01:49:06,530
a very good fit to this data if like the

2452
01:49:06,530 --> 01:49:08,719
truck the universe is continually

2453
01:49:08,719 --> 01:49:11,150
accelerating then billions of years from

2454
01:49:11,150 --> 01:49:15,580
now the universe might tear itself apart

2455
01:49:20,969 --> 01:49:24,130
while the distant stars the galaxies

2456
01:49:24,130 --> 01:49:25,840
will be pulled away from from each other

2457
01:49:25,840 --> 01:49:29,050
they'll be pulled away from us but

2458
01:49:29,050 --> 01:49:30,940
moreover we won't have time to grow cold

2459
01:49:30,940 --> 01:49:32,710
and lonely it will actually be pretty

2460
01:49:32,710 --> 01:49:36,969
exciting dramatic environment stars are

2461
01:49:36,969 --> 01:49:38,019
ripped apart planets are ripped apart

2462
01:49:38,019 --> 01:49:40,659
even atoms are our torn apart before the

2463
01:49:40,659 --> 01:49:46,179
over sounds wouldn't happen for at least

2464
01:49:46,179 --> 01:49:48,159
50 billion years but still it's an

2465
01:49:48,159 --> 01:49:51,269
interesting fate for the universe

2466
01:49:52,739 --> 01:49:55,679
what would atoms ripping apart look like

2467
01:49:55,679 --> 01:49:59,229
things like coffee cups are solid atoms

2468
01:49:59,229 --> 01:50:00,909
joined together to create something that

2469
01:50:00,909 --> 01:50:02,679
will hold a cappuccino without leaking a

2470
01:50:02,679 --> 01:50:04,440
single drop

2471
01:50:04,440 --> 01:50:07,329
zoom in through the cup like sailing

2472
01:50:07,329 --> 01:50:09,849
through the cosmos past the molecules

2473
01:50:09,849 --> 01:50:12,880
and into the atoms the solid cup is

2474
01:50:12,880 --> 01:50:14,769
nothing more than a fabric of atomic

2475
01:50:14,769 --> 01:50:16,960
particles that formed a bond to become

2476
01:50:16,960 --> 01:50:19,199
matter

2477
01:50:20,739 --> 01:50:22,570
if these particles were to move apart

2478
01:50:22,570 --> 01:50:24,280
the bonds that hold this cup together

2479
01:50:24,280 --> 01:50:27,070
stop working the atoms no longer support

2480
01:50:27,070 --> 01:50:29,200
molecules the connections between the

2481
01:50:29,200 --> 01:50:31,870
minuscule particles dissolve matter in

2482
01:50:31,870 --> 01:50:34,510
the form of this Cup ceases to exist it

2483
01:50:34,510 --> 01:50:37,719
disintegrates gone from existence this

2484
01:50:37,719 --> 01:50:40,030
is the dramatic end that Robert Caldwell

2485
01:50:40,030 --> 01:50:43,150
for sees for the universe well you would

2486
01:50:43,150 --> 01:50:44,860
see if you were standing on earth or

2487
01:50:44,860 --> 01:50:46,150
standing on some other planet that

2488
01:50:46,150 --> 01:50:47,920
happened to still be around at that time

2489
01:50:47,920 --> 01:50:50,110
you would see something that looks like

2490
01:50:50,110 --> 01:50:51,850
a wall of darkness approaching you and

2491
01:50:51,850 --> 01:50:54,760
as the wall of darkness approaches stars

2492
01:50:54,760 --> 01:50:56,800
would go out galaxies would go out and

2493
01:50:56,800 --> 01:50:58,810
eventually that wall of darkness would

2494
01:50:58,810 --> 01:51:01,210
surround the planet and then pretty soon

2495
01:51:01,210 --> 01:51:03,600
atoms themselves are torn apart and

2496
01:51:03,600 --> 01:51:05,920
that's it just the wall of darkness

2497
01:51:05,920 --> 01:51:07,510
shrinks down to a point and that's the

2498
01:51:07,510 --> 01:51:11,560
end of the universe according to Robert

2499
01:51:11,560 --> 01:51:13,690
Caldwell that moment is still billions

2500
01:51:13,690 --> 01:51:16,090
of years off leaving plenty of time to

2501
01:51:16,090 --> 01:51:18,140
refine the research

2502
01:51:18,140 --> 01:51:19,880
in a way this is like a detective story

2503
01:51:19,880 --> 01:51:22,340
we're trying to figure out what is the

2504
01:51:22,340 --> 01:51:23,300
culprit or who is the culprit

2505
01:51:23,300 --> 01:51:25,010
responsible for the cosmic acceleration

2506
01:51:25,010 --> 01:51:27,200
we think we know its name we call it

2507
01:51:27,200 --> 01:51:29,870
dark energy but we don't know the modus

2508
01:51:29,870 --> 01:51:31,490
operandi we don't know exactly how it

2509
01:51:31,490 --> 01:51:33,470
works what's needed is more information

2510
01:51:33,470 --> 01:51:35,780
more information about the physics

2511
01:51:35,780 --> 01:51:37,760
behind the dark energy we want to know

2512
01:51:37,760 --> 01:51:39,860
exactly what it does and exactly what

2513
01:51:39,860 --> 01:51:42,020
it's made out of and then answering

2514
01:51:42,020 --> 01:51:43,730
those questions we'll be able to figure

2515
01:51:43,730 --> 01:51:45,800
out exactly what is the fate of the

2516
01:51:45,800 --> 01:51:51,050
universe the big rip is one theory

2517
01:51:51,050 --> 01:51:53,300
cruising just above Earth's atmosphere

2518
01:51:53,300 --> 01:51:55,580
and peering deep into space the Hubble

2519
01:51:55,580 --> 01:51:57,410
telescope provides scientists with clues

2520
01:51:57,410 --> 01:51:59,270
to a less violent but equally

2521
01:51:59,270 --> 00:00:00,000
unavoidable

eInfo HQ

Saturday, November 25, 2017

National Geographic - Strangest Things In The Universe

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